The socially mediated recovery of a fearful fish paired with periodically replaced calm models

Crane, Adam L.; Bairos‐Novak, Kevin R.; Sacco, Laurel H.; Ferrari, Maud C. O.

doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.0739

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Affective states are indeed contagious across animals regardless of whether all group members actually detected the relevant stimulus. For instance, when a stressed zebra fish is placed in a tank with a second nonstressed zebra fish, the fish "average out" their affective states and both become moderately stressed (Crane et al, 2018). The fish pool information about the environment by synchronizing their affective states through observable cues that may be visual, olfactory, or otherwise.…”

Section: The Concept Of Co-regulation Of Affect Is Central To Butler'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Forms and Functions of Affective Synchrony

Wood¹,

Lipson²,

Zhao³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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[CHAPTER] The reproduction of another individual’s emotions in the self – the embodiment of perceived emotions – has been demonstrated to constitute one mechanism for emotional information processing. That is, seeing someone’s emotion expressions and using one’s own face to make the same expression helps the perceiver represent the emotion of the other. When members of a dyad mimic each other’s emotion expressions and by consequence converge in their underlying physiology over time we say that the dyad has reached a state of affective synchrony. The present chapter brings together recent theorizing and research on physiological and expressive affective synchrony. We propose affective synchrony serves three interrelated functions: it enables efficient information exchange, allows for interpersonal emotion regulation, and builds social bonds. We review evidence for the contexts in which affective synchrony arises, propose and evaluate the benefits and costs of achieving these states, and end by suggesting paths for future research in this area.

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Section: The Concept Of Co-regulation Of Affect Is Central To Butler'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Forms and Functions of Affective Synchrony

Wood¹,

Lipson²,

Zhao³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Influenced by ecologists, biomedical researchers have begun to consider that PTSD may not be an unnatural, “maladaptive”, dysfunction, but rather a naturally-occurring phenomenon serving an evolutionarily adaptive purpose 3,5–7,9–12 . Ecologists in turn have begun appreciating that predator-induced fear can have long-lasting consequences transforming the animal’s subsequent reactions to predators 3,4,8,9,13,14 . This discourse having begun, the next essential step is to empirically establish that there is a linkage between the two disciplines, by demonstrating that PTSD-like changes in the brain and behaviour can occur in wild animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predator-induced fear causes PTSD-like changes in the brains and behaviour of wild animals

Zanette

Hobbs

Witterick

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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Predator-induced fear is both, one of the most common stressors employed in animal model studies of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and a major focus of research in ecology. There has been a growing discourse between these disciplines but no direct empirical linkage. We endeavoured to provide this empirical linkage by conducting experiments drawing upon the strengths of both disciplines. Exposure to a natural cue of predator danger (predator vocalizations), had enduring effects of at least 7 days duration involving both, a heightened sensitivity to predator danger (indicative of an enduring memory of fear), and elevated neuronal activation in both the amygdala and hippocampus – in wild birds (black-capped chickadees, Poecile atricapillus ), exposed to natural environmental and social experiences in the 7 days following predator exposure. Our results demonstrate enduring effects on the brain and behaviour, meeting the criteria to be considered an animal model of PTSD – in a wild animal, which are of a nature and degree which can be anticipated could affect fecundity and survival in free-living wildlife. We suggest our findings support both the proposition that PTSD is not unnatural, and that long-lasting effects of predator-induced fear, with likely effects on fecundity and survival, are the norm in nature.

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“…Being in a group also affords learning opportunities through social learning mechanisms (Coussi-Korbel and Fragaszy 1995;Hoppitt and Laland 2013;Ward and Webster 2016) such as social facilitation (Zentall and Hogan 1976;Dindo et al 2009). The social environment can also enhance learning effects through the 'social buffering of stress' (Smith et al 1998;DeVries et al 2003;Allen et al 2009;Crane et al 2018;Culbert et al 2019), for example cichlids (Cichlasoma paranaense) in groups showed lower stress and faster learning rates than isolated individuals (Brandão et al 2015). These social benefits are not limited to obligate social species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual behavioural traits not social context affects learning about novel objects in archerfish

Jones

Spence-Jones

Webster

et al. 2021

Behav Ecol Sociobiol

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Learning can enable rapid behavioural responses to changing conditions but can depend on the social context and behavioural phenotype of the individual. Learning rates have been linked to consistent individual differences in behavioural traits, especially in situations which require engaging with novelty, but the social environment can also play an important role. The presence of others can modulate the effects of individual behavioural traits and afford access to social information that can reduce the need for ‘risky’ asocial learning. Most studies of social effects on learning are focused on more social species; however, such factors can be important even for less-social animals, including non-grouping or facultatively social species which may still derive benefit from social conditions. Using archerfish, Toxotes chatareus, which exhibit high levels of intra-specific competition and do not show a strong preference for grouping, we explored the effect of social contexts on learning. Individually housed fish were assayed in an ‘open-field’ test and then trained to criterion in a task where fish learnt to shoot a novel cue for a food reward—with a conspecific neighbour visible either during training, outside of training or never (full, partial or no visible presence). Time to learn to shoot the novel cue differed across individuals but not across social context. This suggests that social context does not have a strong effect on learning in this non-obligatory social species; instead, it further highlights the importance that inter-individual variation in behavioural traits can have on learning. Significance statement Some individuals learn faster than others. Many factors can affect an animal’s learning rate—for example, its behavioural phenotype may make it more or less likely to engage with novel objects. The social environment can play a big role too—affecting learning directly and modifying the effects of an individual’s traits. Effects of social context on learning mostly come from highly social species, but recent research has focused on less-social animals. Archerfish display high intra-specific competition, and our study suggests that social context has no strong effect on their learning to shoot novel objects for rewards. Our results may have some relevance for social enrichment and welfare of this increasingly studied species, suggesting there are no negative effects of short- to medium-term isolation of this species—at least with regards to behavioural performance and learning tasks.

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The socially mediated recovery of a fearful fish paired with periodically replaced calm models

Cited by 11 publications

References 47 publications

Forms and Functions of Affective Synchrony

Forms and Functions of Affective Synchrony

Predator-induced fear causes PTSD-like changes in the brains and behaviour of wild animals

Individual behavioural traits not social context affects learning about novel objects in archerfish

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