The social origins of male dominance

Gender and Binegativity: Men’s and Women’s Attitudes Toward Male and Female Bisexuals

“…This may be due to the greater sanctions men face when violating expectations around masculinity (Stockard & Johnson, 1979); because homosexuality is seen as a gender violation, gay men are judged more harshly than lesbian women. In addition, more positive attitudes about lesbians compared to gay men may be due to the eroticization of lesbians by many heterosexual men (Reiss, 1986).…”

Sex Role Development as a Function of Parent Models and Oedipal Fixation

“…Furthermore, it appears that what is central in the Freudian conceptualization of identification with the aggressor (for the boy) versus anaclitic identification (for the girl) is the parental sex-role difference which represents less the biologic and more the generalized difference in femininity-masculinity as a contrast between aggressiveness and passivity. The latter view is consonant with the delineation of the male sex role for the boy as involving "not being feminine" (Hartley , 1959;Stockard & Johnson, 1979), and with the anthropological data correlating sex identity conflicts with sex role delineation (Whiting, 1965).…”

Gender Socialization

“…Miriam Johnson has noted the special role of the father in helping both boys and girls develop these understandings, as the father tends to become more involved with children as they become older and more aware of gender differences. (See Johnson, 1988;Lerman, 1986;Stockard & Johnson, 1979 for a complete discussion of these traditions. )…”