The Social Implications of Sexual Identity Formation and the Coming-Out Process: A Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature

Abstract

Current research on publicly communicating one’s sexual orientation (heretofore referred to as “coming-out”) and sexual identity formation models are examined within the two prevalent theoretical orientations: essentialism and social constructionism. Aspects of both theories find support in the empirical literature reviewed. Carrion and Lock’s stage model of sexual identity formation is described and used as a template. The discovery process will be discussed and three coming-out audiences identified. Relationships between the individual coming out and the identified audiences exist in a dynamic and fluid environment. Data suggest that perceptions of the relationship climate can affect the coming-out process. Implications for family therapists and couples counselors are provided in the conclusion of the article. More research with diverse samples is needed to further understand the process of coming-out and identity formation.

“It’s a Horrible Sin. If They Find Out, I Will Not be Able to Stay”: Orthodox Jewish Gay Men’s Experiences Living in Secrecy

“…The process of coming out, revealing a gay orientation to others, is considered one of the critical events in the development of an integrated and healthy homosexual identity (McLean, 2007). Conversely, not coming out is viewed as having a negative effect on sexual developmentsomething that sacrifices integrity (Vargo, 1998), burdensome and damaging to one's sense of self (Mosher, 2001).…”

An Integrative, Empowerment Model for Helping Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth Negotiate the Coming-Out Process

“…This minority status can lead to feelings of shame, guilt, denial, confusion, and bewilderment, which can impede healthy identity development (Bernal & Coolhart, 2005;Carrion & Lock, 1997). However, if successfully navigated, the process of sexual identity formation can lead to healthy functioning within a lesbian, gay, or bisexual frame of reference (Bernal & Mosher, 2001;Singh, 2008). Regardless of the model used to conceptualize the process, successful integration of the stages leads to healthier living.…”

Two Behavioral Hypotheses for the Evolution of Male Homosexuality in Humans

“…The process of "coming out" is a well-studied rite of passage among Western homosexuals (Mosher 2001;Vargo 1998). A number of models propose a linear, staged process of overcoming fear, guilt, and doubt, culminating with a public declaration of one's new identity as a homosexual (this is sometimes called the "disclosure imperative" ;Cass 1979;Coleman 1982;Dank 1971;McLean 2007).…”