The social environment: behaviour and stress in housed livestock

Dominance and mating behavior of rams under paddock conditions

“…2). Such differences, like that between the dominant ram and the highest ranking subordinary could be due to endogenous factors, such as genotype, endocrine balance and previous sexual experience (Bryant, 1972) or to relationships inherent in a dominance hierarchy. Conversely, the sexual activity of the subordinary rams (no.…”

Advances in Animal Welfare Science 1985

“…Rather than attributing self-awareness only to language-using species, many authors discuss the likelihood, and the need, for selfawareness in all socially organized species. Social animals, dependent on each other for survival, must understand the other animals and their mental state in order to act adequately (Humphrey 1978); or must be able to recognize other individuals in relation to themselves in order to maintain a hierarchy, as in the case of domestic pigs, cattle and chickens (Bryant 1972), or to live in families or clans (Thorpe 1966). describes altruistic behaviour in wolf clans: wolves that go hunting bring back food for the cubs and the "babysitters" that remained behind.…”

The Question of Animal Awareness

“…Rather than attributing self-awareness only to language-using species, many authors discuss the likelihood, and the need, for selfawareness in all socially organized species. Social animals, dependent on each other for survival, must understand the other animals and their mental state in order to act adequately (Humphrey 1978); or must be able to recognize other individuals in relation to themselves in order to maintain a hierarchy, as in the case of domestic pigs, cattle and chickens (Bryant 1972), or to live in families or clans (Thorpe 1966). Fox (1974) describes altruistic behaviour in wolf clans: wolves that go hunting bring back food for the cubs and the "babysitters" that remained behind.…”