The So-Called 'Platinum' Inclusions in Egyptian Goldwork

Ogden, Jack M.

doi:10.2307/3856354

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…8), especially in the terminal ring of the Riqqa necklace and in earring E 1435B where numerous inclusions were found, suggesting a use or recycling of gold from different sources. The level of Ru, however, was mostly found to be below 25 wt%, which has been suggested to correspond to the exploitation of gold sources in the Nile Valley Region north of the 18th parallel [31,33]. In comparison, Ru, Os, Ir, and Pt elements were determined by PIXE and EDS for the PGE inclusions observed in the penannular earrings from the village of artisans and workmen at Deir el-Medina.…”

Section: The Origin Of Gold (Presence Of Pges)mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The significance of PGEs, as they relate to the use of alluvial gold, was discussed by Ogden [33,34]. While other sources of gold cannot be ruled out, the presence of Os-rich and Os-Ir alloy minerals in the Eastern Desert [35] could contribute to the presence of PGE inclusions on the surface of objects made from local alluvial gold, given that the subgroup Ir, Os, and Ru [36] is non-soluble in gold [19].While no inclusions could be identified in Egyptian gold foils, the presence of Pt was demonstrated for gilded wood and leather items and gold foil fragments from Middle Kingdom tombs in Abydos by using the newly developed method double dispersive X-ray fluorescence (D 2 XRF) at the BAM line of synchrotron BESSY [19], confirming the use of alluvial gold.…”

Section: The Origin Of Gold (Presence Of Pges)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gold from the tomb of Scribe Beri: a comparative analytical approach to the New Kingdom gold grave goods from Riqqa (Egypt)

Troalen

Guerra

2016

Appl. Phys. A

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The gold necklace and penannular earrings from tomb 296 at Riqqa, containing the coffins of a female and of a male, the latter a scribe named Beri of the reign of Tuthmosis III (eighteenth Dynasty Egypt), were analysed by PIXE, XRF, and EDS, together with eight penannular earrings from other find-spots of the same period. Analysis of jewellery items from tomb 296 at Riqqa revealed the use of high-purity gold alloys and electrum alloys, while the other earrings investigated were found to be made of electrum with high Ag content. Two earrings conserved in different museums were shown to be originally a pair. PIXE mapping revealed the extensive use of a hard soldering technique for the joints, with the solders being obtained by the addition of Cu to the base alloy. The presence of PGE inclusions indicated the use of alluvial gold, but the variability of their composition could be ascribed to the recycling of gold from different origins, in the case of some objects.

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Section: The Origin Of Gold (Presence Of Pges)mentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: The Origin Of Gold (Presence Of Pges)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gold from the tomb of Scribe Beri: a comparative analytical approach to the New Kingdom gold grave goods from Riqqa (Egypt)

Troalen

Guerra

2016

Appl. Phys. A

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“…he results of each of the experimental methods (Table 1) show that the Qurneh necklace, with its high percentage of gold (86-88%), silver (10-12%), and copper (2%), is in all probability made of alluvial gold. his is supported by the presence of inclusions of osmium-iridium-ruthenium (PGE group elements, Meeks and Tite, 1980;Ogden, 1976) on many of the rings (as well as on other pieces from the burial, see Troalen et al, 2009).…”

Section: Compositional Analysismentioning

confidence: 98%

The 17th Dynasty gold necklace from Qurneh, Egypt

Tate¹,

Eremin²,

Troalen³

et al. 2009

archeosciences

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In 1908, the archaeologist Flinders Petrie discovered a rich intact burial of an adult and child at Qurneh, near Luxor. Stylistically, the burial has been dated to the late 17 th Dynasty, in the 16 th century BC. he complete burial group came to Edinburgh in 1909. A recent examination of the rings of the necklace found with the adult burial is presented as part of a wider study of the mummy collections of the National Museums Scotland (NMS). he necklace shows sophisticated workmanship, with 1,699 rings threaded onto four strands, the rings having uniform diameter and thickness, and very few of them showing any visible joints. he necklace rings have been examined by Optical Microscopy, X-radiography, Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDS), air-path X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), and proton induced X-ray analysis (micro-PIXE). We summarise these indings and propose the method of manufacture. We also describe an experimental attempt to make joint-less rings in order to compare them with the originals.

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“…This same setup could be applied to another important question on ancient Egyptian gold work, which is the gold origin. The presence of Platinum Group Elements (PGE) inclusions in Egyptian gold objects was observed for the first time on the surface of objects from the excavations of Naqada and Ballas [13] and discussed by a few authors [14,15], and recently published work on Egyptian gold jewellery emphasises the presence of PGE inclusions on the majority of the objects [3,4,8]. We must still cite the Egyptian case belonging to the Louvre collection where Berthelot identified the presence of gold, silver and platinum [16].…”

Section: Gold Work In Ancient Egyptmentioning

confidence: 99%