“…Livers have been the primary target test organs for ecotoxicological studies as they may retain a significant portion of the contaminants to which an animal is exposed (Frossard et al 2019;Hinton et al 2001), particularly lipophilic organic pesticides and metals. Testing the liver reflects a life history of exposure, yet there are some limitations: The animal (usually) has to be dead and sampled either after euthanasia or through dissection of opportunistic carcasses, which can impose limits to systematic surveying and assessment of protected species.…”