The Smartphone Addiction Scale: Development and Validation of a Short Version for Adolescents

Kwon, Min Jeong; Kim, Daijin; Cho, Hyun; Yang, Soo Young

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083558

Cited by 1,168 publications

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“…A content validation process was conducted by 7 experts with 3 items from the "daily life disturbance" factor, 4 from the "withdrawal" factor and 1 each from the "cyberspaceoriented relationship", "overuse" and "tolerance" factors selected to form the 10-item SAS-SV [9]. Each item scores on a Likert scale of 1 (strong disagree) to 6 (strongly agree).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The original SAS-SV demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.911) and concurrent validity but its factor structure was not reported [9]. We translated and back-translated the English SAS-SV into Chinese with local adaptations for use in the present study (Supplementary file).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subjects with or without smartphone were compared using chi-square tests. To determine the prevalence of PMPU in Hong Kong for cross-cultural comparison, we identified subjects with PMPU by applying the widely used SAS-SV cut-off scores of ≥ 31 for males and ≥ 33 for females proposed by the scale developers [9]. Multivariable linear regressions were used to compute regression coefficients (b) of SAS-SV score in relation to all sociodemographic factors.…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, as mobile phone use has been increasing rapidly in the past few years, our more recent data (2017) would expectedly show higher prevalence of PMPU. Note that the suggested SAS-SV cut-off scores used to identify subjects with PMPU were established by receiver operating characteristic analyses on Korean adolescents [9], which may be less applicable to adults. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal cut-off for other age groups.…”

Section: Principal Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the functionality of mobile phones has evolved dramatically (from mere telephone calling devices to multifunctional smartphones) since the first scale was published [7], necessitating better scales that can capture problematic use of smartphones. The Smartphone Addiction Scale Short version (SAS-SV) is the brief version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), the first scale for assessing problematic use of smartphone [8,9]. The SAS-SV, originally developed in Korean but published in English, has been increasingly used with translation available in several languages, including Turkish [10], German [11], Italian [12], Spanish and French [13], making it a promising instrument for cross-cultural comparisons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

The Chinese adaptation of Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short version in Hong Kong adults: a population study

Luk¹,

Wang²,

Shen³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Principal Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The Chinese adaptation of Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short version in Hong Kong adults: a population study

Luk¹,

Wang²,

Shen³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Childhood Adversity and Adolescent Smartphone Use Across Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression

Zheng,

Jiang,

Peng

et al. 2024

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceNonheterosexual and gender-nonconforming (GNC) individuals tend to report adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) more frequently compared with heterosexual and gender-conforming individuals, and individuals who have experienced ACEs, identify as nonheterosexual, or exhibit moderate to high levels of GNC are more prone to engaging in problematic smartphone use (PSU). However, there is limited school-based data among adolescents regarding this matter.ObjectivesTo explore the associations between ACEs and PSU among adolescents across different sexual orientation and gender expression groups.Design, setting, and participantsUsing data from the 2021 School-Based Chinese Adolescents Health Survey, this cross-sectional study includes participants from 288 public high schools across 8 provinces in China. Statistical analysis was performed from October 2023 to February 2024.ExposuresData on ACEs, sexual orientations, and gender expressions (high, moderate, and low GNC) were collected.Main outcomes and measuresPSU was assessed using the 10-item Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV). Weighted linear, logistic, or Poisson regression models were used.ResultsAmong the 85 064 adolescents included (mean [SD] age, 14.92 [1.77] years), 42 632 (50.1%) were female, 70 157 (83.2%) identified as Han Chinese, and 14 208 (16.8) identified as other ethnicities (Miao, Hui, Yi, Dai, and other ethnic groups). The prevalence of PSU among participants was 35.4%. Weighted Poisson regression models indicated that the interaction between GNC and ACE was significant (adjusted prevalence ratio [APR], 0.98; 95% CI, 0.97-0.99). Further stratified analysis demonstrated homosexual adolescents who experienced 4 or more ACEs showed a significantly increased prevalence of PSU (APR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.64-1.96). Similarly, a markedly higher prevalence of PSU was observed among bisexual individuals with 4 or more ACEs (APR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.41-1.80). Regarding gender expression categories, a significantly higher prevalence of PSU was noted among high GNC adolescents with 4 or more ACEs (APR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.60-1.98) compared with low GNC adolescents without ACEs. Furthermore, experiencing any 3 ACE categories (abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction) was associated with an increased prevalence of PSU across different sexual orientation and gender expression subgroups.Conclusions and relevanceIn this cross-sectional study, the amalgamation of elevated ACE scores with nonheterosexual orientations or GNC identities was significantly associated with increased PSU prevalence. These findings underscore that preventing ACEs may be beneficial in mitigating PSU among adolescents, particularly for nonheterosexual adolescents and those with high levels of GNC.

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Digital daydreaming: Introducing the spontaneous smartphone checking scale

Berntsen

Hoyle

Møller

et al. 2023

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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Smartphones are a ubiquitous part of many people's lives, but little is known about their impact on everyday thought processes. Here we introduce the spontaneous smartphone checking scale (SSCS)—which measures the tendency to direct attention toward one's smartphone, unpreceded by external prompts (e.g., notifications, or alerts) and with no specific conscious goal in mind, as a parallel to mind‐wandering directed toward internal thoughts. The SSCS showed good psychometric properties and construct validity. It separated from measures of daydreaming and mind‐wandering by not loading on dimensions related to self‐consciousness, reflection, and rumination, but instead loading highly on a factor associated with other aspects of digital communication and concerns about public appearance on social media. This suggests that spontaneous smartphone checking serves different mental and social functions than internally generated spontaneous thought processes. We discuss possible long‐term effects of spontaneous smartphone checking taking up time for internally generated spontaneous thoughts.

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The Smartphone Addiction Scale: Development and Validation of a Short Version for Adolescents

Cited by 1,168 publications

References 13 publications

The Chinese adaptation of Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short version in Hong Kong adults: a population study

The Chinese adaptation of Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short version in Hong Kong adults: a population study

Childhood Adversity and Adolescent Smartphone Use Across Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression

Digital daydreaming: Introducing the spontaneous smartphone checking scale

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