The Smallpox Story

Kavey, Rae-Ellen W.; Kavey, Allison B.

doi:10.4324/9781003006800-2

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…The global spread of SARS-CoV-2, with a high risk of human-to-human transmission, prompted the World Health Organization to declare a public health emergency of international concern on 30 January 2020. After that, the virus spread rapidly beyond China, and the WHO declared the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) a pandemic on 11 March 2020 [ 12 ]. More than 655 million confirmed COVID-19 cases, with over 6.5 million deaths worldwide, had been reported by 15 December 2022 [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Therapeutic Target and Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2

Hussain

Hassan

Bashir³

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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The coronavirus has become the most interesting virus for scientists because of the recently emerging deadly SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to understand the behavior of SARS-CoV-2 through the comparative genomic analysis with the closest one among the seven species of coronavirus that infect humans. The genomes of coronavirus species that infect humans were retrieved from NCBI, and then subjected to comparative genomic analysis using different bioinformatics tools. The study revealed that SARS-CoV-2 is the most similar to SARS-CoV among the coronavirus species. The core genes were shared by the two genomes, but there were some genes, found in one of them but not in both, such as ORF8, which is found in SARS-CoV-2. The ORF8 protein of SARS-CoV-2 could be considered as a good therapeutic target for stopping viral transmission, as it was predicted to be a transmembrane protein, which is responsible for interspecies transmission. This is supported by the molecular interaction of ORF8 with both the ORF7 protein, which contains a transmembrane domain that is essential to retaining the protein in the Golgi compartment, and the S protein, which facilitates the entry of the coronavirus into host cells. ORF1ab, ORF1a, ORF8, and S proteins of SARS-CoV-2 could be immunogenic and capable of evoking an immune response, which means that these four proteins could be considered a potential vaccine source. Overall, SARS-CoV-2 is most related to SARS-CoV. ORF8 could be considered a potential therapeutic target for stopping viral transmission, and ORF1ab, ORF1a, ORF8, and the S proteins of SARS-CoV-2 could be utilized as a potential vaccine source.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Therapeutic Target and Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2

Hussain

Hassan

Bashir³

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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“…After Pasteur’s efforts, an extensive number of experiments were conducted in the field for developing vaccines against several diseases. Sabin and stalk also developed a good vaccine against poliovirus using the rules of Pasteur vaccinology [ 10 ]. A vaccine named Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) was developed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis using Pasteur vaccinology [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunoinformatics and Biophysics Approaches to Design a Novel Multi-Epitopes Vaccine Design against Staphylococcus auricularis

et al. 2022

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Due to the misuse of antibiotics in our daily lives, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a major health problem. Penicillin, the first antibiotic, was used in the 1930s and led to the emergence of AMR. Due to alterations in the microbe’s genome and the evolution of new resistance mechanisms, antibiotics are losing efficacy against microbes. There are high rates of mortality and morbidity due to antibiotic resistance, so addressing this major health issue requires new approaches. Staphylococcus auricularis is a Gram-positive cocci and is capable of causing opportunistic infections and sepsis. S. auricularis is resistant to several antibiotics and does not currently have a licensed vaccine. In this study, we used bacterial pan-genome analysis (BPGA) to study S. auricularis pan-genome and applied a reverse immunology approach to prioritize vaccine targets against S. auricularis. A total of 15,444 core proteins were identified by BPGA analysis, which were then used to identify good vaccine candidates considering potential vaccine filters. Two vaccine candidates were evaluated for epitope prediction including the superoxide dismutase and gamma-glutamyl transferase protein. The epitope prediction phase involved the prediction of a variety of B-Cell and T-cell epitopes, and the epitopes that met certain criteria, such as antigenicity, immunogenicity, non-allergenicity, and non-toxicity were chosen. A multi-epitopes vaccine construct was then constructed from all the predicted epitopes, and a cholera toxin B-subunit adjuvant was also added to increase vaccine antigenicity. Three-dimensional models of the vaccine were used for downward analyses. Using the best-modeled structure, binding potency was tested with MHC-I, MHC-II and TLR-4 immune cells receptors, proving that the vaccine binds strongly with the receptors. Further, molecular dynamics simulations interpreted strong intermolecular binding between the vaccine and receptors and confirmed the vaccine epitopes exposed to the host immune system. The results support that the vaccine candidate may be capable of eliciting a protective immune response against S. auricularis and may be a promising candidate for experimental in vitro and in vivo studies.

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“…Jahrhunderts und der Etablierung moderner Gesundheitspolitiken eine administrative Herausforderung (Hüntelmann 2019 : 43; Thiessen 2014 : 17f.). Diese Statistiken, die eine ungefähre Bezifferung der Betroffenen erlauben, sind vielgenutzte Primärquellen in der Seuchengeschichte, um den Umfang und Verlauf von vergangenen Epidemien abzubilden (Kavey & Kavey 2021 ; Vögele et al. 2016 ; Vasold 2008 ; Winkle 2005 ; Leven 1997 ).…”

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Mandatory Reporting as the Basis of Epidemiological Statistics: The Impact of the Reporting Practice and Usage of Paper Technologies on the Informative Content of Morbidity Statistics 1886–1921

Jochum

2024

N.T.M.

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ZusammenfassungDieser Artikel untersucht anhand einer Betrachtung der praktischen Umsetzung des schweizerischen Meldewesens für Infektionskrankheiten zwischen 1886 und 1921, welche Auswirkungen die Meldepraxis und die Verwendung von paper technologies auf die Meldungen hatten, die daraufhin für Morbiditätsstatistiken verwendet wurden. Eine genaue Untersuchung der Herstellungsprozesse von Meldungen zeigt die Schwierigkeiten und Lösungsansätze bei der Umsetzung des gesetzlich vorgegebenen Meldeprozesses. Zwei Krankheitsausbrüche – ein Pockenausbruch in Schaffhausen und ein Typhusausbruch im Kanton Luzern – dienen dabei als Fallbeispiele. Es wird gezeigt, dass Meldungen mehr als nur objektive Repräsentationen von Erkrankungen sind, sondern auch die medizinisch-sozialen Interaktionen darstellen, die sie produzieren, gezeitigt durch administrative Werkzeuge wie Meldeformulare und den Akt des Meldens. Das problematisiert die Aussagekraft von historischen Statistiken und zeigt die Komplexität des historischen Quellenmaterials, da diese Interaktionen und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Meldungen mit in Betracht gezogen werden müssen. Diese Erkenntnisse werden mit der Betrachtung des schweizerischen Meldewesens während der Spanischen Grippe 1918 und dessen Scheitern bei der Erfassung der Influenzafälle verdeutlicht.

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The Smallpox Story

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Potential Therapeutic Target and Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2

Potential Therapeutic Target and Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2

Immunoinformatics and Biophysics Approaches to Design a Novel Multi-Epitopes Vaccine Design against Staphylococcus auricularis

Mandatory Reporting as the Basis of Epidemiological Statistics: The Impact of the Reporting Practice and Usage of Paper Technologies on the Informative Content of Morbidity Statistics 1886–1921

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