The small subunit of Rubisco and its potential as an engineering target

Abstract

Rubisco catalyses the first rate-limiting step in CO2 fixation and is responsible for the vast majority of organic carbon present in the biosphere. The function and regulation of Rubisco remain an important research topic and a longstanding engineering target to enhance the efficiency of photosynthesis for agriculture and green biotechnology. The most abundant form of Rubisco (Form I) consists of eight large and eight small subunits, and is found in all plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and most phototrophic and chemolithoautotrophic proteobacteria. Although the active sites of Rubisco are located on the large subunits, expression of the small subunit regulates the size of the Rubisco pool in plants and can influence the overall catalytic efficiency of the Rubisco complex. The small subunit is now receiving increasing attention as a potential engineering target to improve the performance of Rubisco. Here we review our current understanding of the role of the small subunit and our growing capacity to explore its potential to modulate Rubisco catalysis using engineering biology approaches.

Predicting plant Rubisco kinetics from RbcL sequence data using machine learning

“…Over the past few years this assumption is largely thought to be true because (i) the active site is encoded by the RbcL sequence, and (ii) the RbcL sequence is largely conserved over time as chloroplast-encoded genes evolved slower than nuclear-encoded genes ( Kelly, 2021 ). It is now well established that the Rubisco small subunit encoded by the RbcS gene can influence catalysis too ( Spreitzer et al , 2005 ; Genkov and Spreitzer, 2009 ; Atkinson et al , 2017 ; Martin-Avila et al , 2020 ; Lin et al , 2021 ; Sakoda et al , 2021 ; Mao et al , 2022 ). It would be interesting to see if incorporating RbcS sequences alongside RbcL sequences could improve the predictive power of our models.…”

The challenge of engineering Rubisco for improving photosynthesis

“…In plants the RbcL subunit of Rubisco is encoded by the chloroplast DNA (plastome) and is synthesized in the chloroplast stroma, while the nuclear encoded RbcS (1 to 25 paralogs, plant species dependent [3]) is translated in the cytosol and imported into the chloroplast [4,6].…”

“…The fixation of atmospheric CO in this crucial biological 2 process is mediated by the enzyme Rubisco. The inefficiencies of Rubisco have inspired researchers for decades to explore ways to improve its function with the goal of increasing crop yields [1][2][3][4], and more recently to combat global warming [5]. In this graphical review we highlight the challenges involved in engineering plant Rubisco, with a focus on the extensive chaperone requirement for its biogenesis.…”

Producing fast and active Rubisco in tobacco to enhance photosynthesis

“…The assembly of functional Form IB Rubisco in plants requires cognate chaperones that are likely species specific; for example, up to seven cognate chaperones are involved in Rubisco assembly in Arabidopsis thaliana ( Aigner et al, 2017 ). Moreover, the large and small subunits of plant Rubisco are encoded in disparate locations: the plant Rubisco large subunit RbcL is encoded by a single rbcL gene in the chloroplast genome, whereas the small subunit RbcS, which plays a vital role in regulating Rubisco content ( Mao et al, 2022 ), is encoded by multiple rbcS genes in the nuclear genome. All these factors unambiguously increase the complexity of engineering and modifying Rubisco in plants ( Whitney et al, 2011a ; Martin-Avila et al, 2020 ) and may contribute to the observed lower yields of exogenous Rubisco in transgenic lines (∼10% of the Rubisco content of the wild-type [WT]) ( Lin et al, 2014 ; Long et al, 2018 ; Orr et al, 2020 ).…”