The skin redoxome

Abstract

Redoxome is the network of redox reactions and redox active species (ReAS) that affect the homeostasis of cells and tissues. Due to the intense and constant interaction with external agents, the human skin has a robust redox signalling framework with specific pathways and magnitudes. The establishment of the skin redoxome concept is key to expanding knowledge of skin disorders and establishing better strategies for their prevention and treatment. This review starts with its definition and progress to propose how the master redox regulators are maintained and activated in the different conditions experienced by the skin and how the lack of redox regulation is involved in the accumulation of several oxidation end products that are correlated with various skin disorders.

Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation and Benzo[a]pyrene Co-Exposure on Skin Biology: Autophagy as a Potential Target

“…In addition, we also observed a dysregulated redox balance, endopeptidase activity and extracellular matrix organization. These processes are well reported to be altered in several human skin disorders following exposure to UV radiation or air pollutants [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ].…”

Hypochlorous Acid: From Innate Immune Factor and Environmental Toxicant to Chemopreventive Agent Targeting Solar UV-Induced Skin Cancer

“…The skin is a crucial and dynamic barrier against the constantly changing environment, autonomously maintaining organ-level and systemic homeostasis. As one of the key barriers of defense against physical, chemical, and microbial stressors, the skin is a complex organ functioning in tissue regeneration and wound healing, hydro-, osmo-, and thermoregulation, endocrine and sensory functions, biosynthesis, metabolism, innate and adaptive immunity, circadian rhythmicity, and neuro-psychosocial communication (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8). Among various environmental factors relevant to human health, solar exposure is known to impact tissue homeostasis modulating many of these cutaneous functions.…”

“…), (ii) pathobiological occurrences [such as infections, metabolic dysregulation (including diabetes), and autoimmune disturbances], and (iii) chronological aging (7,(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Certain aspects and subcategories of the skin exposome have been expertly reviewed including the skin microbiome and the skin redoxome (7,8).…”

“…HOCl-mediated modification of cholesterol (3) forms a number of cholesterol chlorohydrin stereoisomers: 5,6-dichloro cholesterol (4); (5R,6R)-5-chloro-6-hydroxy cholesterol (5); (5R,6R)-6-chloro-5-hydroxy cholesterol (6); (5S,6S)-6-chloro-5-hydroxy cholesterol(7), among others. For phospholipids, HOCl may either exert its effects near the head group, or at sites of unsaturation: HOCl-mediated modification of phosphatidylserine(6) results in phosphatidylserine chloramine(7), with further oxidation/decarboxylation to phosphatidyl glycoaldehyde(8). HOCl-mediated modification of phosphatidylethanolamine (9) results in the respective dichloramine(10) subsequently forming N-centered radicals acting as long-lived mediators.…”

The Drinking Water and Swimming Pool Disinfectant Trichloroisocyanuric Acid Causes Chlorination Stress Enhancing Solar UV‐Induced Inflammatory Gene Expression in AP‐1 Transgenic SKH‐1 Luciferase Reporter Mouse Skin†

“…The small molecule electrophile, oxidant and chlorination agent hypochlorous acid (HOCl), apart from its multifaceted biological role as a crucial antimicrobial factor of the innate immune system, is a key mediator of chlorination stress targeting microbes as relevant to chemical disinfection ensuring safety of drinking water and recreational water use (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). Remarkably, biomedical and toxicological impact of chemical exposure-induced chlorination stress targeting human epithelial (cutaneous, gastrointestinal and respiratory) tissue remains largely undefined, representing an unexplored area of the skin exposome and redoxosome (2,11,12).…”