The skin prick test – European standards

Heinzerling, Lucie; Mari, Adriano; Bergmann, Karl‐Christian; Bresciani, M; Burbach, Guido J.; Darsow, Ulf; Durham, Stephen K.; Fokkens, Wytske J.; Gjomarkaj, Mark; Haahtela, Tari; Todo-Bom, Ana; Wöhrl, Stefan; Maibach, Howard I.; Lockey, Richard F.

doi:10.1186/2045-7022-3-3

Cited by 686 publications

(706 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…SPTs can be performed at any age but patients younger than 2 and older than 65 years may have smaller papules because skin reactivity acquired during childhood reaches peak between 15 and 25 years and declines progressively. 12 It is important to know that allergenic extracts could have different composition and potency. Extracts from different laboratories cause discrepancies in the interpretation of results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results were positive if mean wheal diameter ≥ 3 mm compared to negative controls. 12 In patients undergoing a minimum of three SPT during follow-up until development of tolerance, the percentage change of the wheal diameter observed in SPT at diagnosis and at the development of tolerance was assessed. A group of patients who did not develop tolerance to CM but had at least three evolutive SPTs until completion of the study was also included.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cow’s milk allergy: Evaluating tolerance through skin-prick test

Neves

Beck

Gushken

et al. 2016

Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras.

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Objective: To evaluate the wheal diameter in allergy skin-prick tests (SPT) with cow's milk extract (CM) comparing tolerant and persistent patients. Method: A retrospective cohort study involving database analysis of children with diagnosis of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) mediated by immunoglobulin E in a specialized outpatient clinic that regularly performed SPT between January 2000 and July 2015. Patients were allocated into two groups: tolerant or persistent. Comparisons were made at diagnosis and over time between tolerant and persistent patients using Fisher's, Mann-Whitney or Wilcoxon tests and significance level at 5%. Results: After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, the sample includes 44 patients (29 tolerant and 15 who persisted with CMPA). In the tolerant group, the medians of SPT were: 6 mm at diagnosis and 2 mm at the development of tolerance; a significant difference (p<0.0001) was found. In the persistent group, the median SPT at diagnosis was 7 mm, while in the last SPT it was 5 mm, with no statistical difference (p=0.173). The comparison of medians in the last SPT between groups was significant (p=0.001), with a reduction greater than 50% in SPT in the tolerant group. Conclusion: Serial SPTs were useful for diagnosis, and a decrease higher than 50% in diameter can indicate the moment to perform oral food challenge (OFC) tests, helping to detect tolerance in CMPA.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cow’s milk allergy: Evaluating tolerance through skin-prick test

Neves

Beck

Gushken

et al. 2016

Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras.

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“…La reacción debe constatarse a los 10 minutos. La superficie de la piel donde se aplica la fricción debe estar íntegra y libre de infecciones y el paciente no debe haber consumido antihistamínicos durante la semana previa a la prueba, ya que la vida media de algunos fármacos es prolongada (6,7). Los mecanismos fisiopatológicos de la enfermedad son desconocidos.…”

Section: Dermografismo Sintomáticounclassified

Urticaria inducible: serie de casos y revisión de la literatura

Amaya

Sánchez

2015

biomedica

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Contribución de los autores:Jorge Sánchez: idea central del artículo Todos los autores contribuyeron por igual en la redacción y revisión del manuscrito. Las urticarias inducibles constituyen un grupo heterogéneo de trastornos cutáneos caracterizados por la aparición de habones, prurito o angioedema, que en ocasiones se acompañan de síntomas sistémicos causados por estímulos inocuos para la mayoría de la población, como el frío, el calor, la presión, etc., y que comprometen la calidad de vida de los pacientes. La mayor parte de la literatura médica pertinente proviene de reportes y series de casos, ya que su epidemiología se ha estudiado poco. El objetivo de esta revisión es ofrecer una visión actualizada de la información disponible sobre varios tipos de urticaria inducida, mediante la presentación de un caso clínico ilustrativo y la descripción de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos, las manifestaciones clínicas y el tratamiento de cada condición. Urticaria inducible: serie de casos y revisión de la literaturaPalabras clave: alergia e inmunología, angioedema, enfermedades de la piel, urticaria, edema doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v36i1.2678 Inducible urticaria: Case series and literature reviewInducible urticaria is a heterogeneous group of skin disorders characterized by the appearance of wheals, pruritus and/or angioedema, sometimes accompanied by systemic symptoms caused by innocuous stimuli (cold, heat, pressure, etc.). This group of disorders compromises people's quality of life and most of the literature in this regard comes from case reports and case series since its epidemiology has been poorly studied and some cases are very rare. The aim of this review is to show an up-to-date overview of the available literature for various types of inducible urticarias, always beginning with an illustrative case and then describing their pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and treatment. La urticaria es una enfermedad cutánea y de las mucosas caracterizada por la aparición de habones o angioedema que es preciso diferenciar de otras condiciones médicas en las que pueden presentarse habones, angioedema o los dos, por ejemplo, la anafilaxia, los síndromes autoinflamatorios o el angioedema hereditario (1). Según su duración se ha clasificado en aguda y crónica, definiéndose esta como aquella con una duración mayor a seis semanas. La prevalencia de la urticaria crónica se estima entre 0,5 y 5 % de la población general. Según algunos estudios, en la población estadounidense la incidencia es de 1,4 % por año, aproximadamente (2). La European Academy of Allergy and ClinicalImmunology (EAACI) ha propuesto recientemente una clasificación etiológica más acorde con el conocimiento actual de los mecanismos subyacentes de la enfermedad, que incluye bajo el nombre de "urticaria inducible" aquellas desencadenadas por estímulos físicos comúnmente inocuos como, por ejemplo, el calor, el frío, la presión aplicada a la piel, el ejercicio, la vibración, la luz solar y los

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“…Five common aero-allergens will be tested for; grass, house dust mite, aspergillus, cat and dog dander. Atopic status will be demonstrated by a positive SPT (wheal diameter ≥3mm larger than the negative control) [33].…”

Section: Skin Prick Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Waveform Characteristics of Tidal Breathing Carbon Dioxide, Measured Using the N-Tidal C Device in Different Breathing Conditions (The General Breathing Record Study): Protocol for an Observational, Longitudinal Study (Preprint)

Neville¹,

Rupani²,

Kalra³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract:Background:In an increasingly co-morbid population there are significant challenges to diagnosing the cause of breathlessness, and once diagnosed, considerable difficulty in detecting deterioration early enough to provide effective intervention. The burden of the breathless patient on the healthcare economy is substantial with asthma, chronic heart failure and pneumonia affecting over 6 million people in the UK alone. Furthermore these patients often have more than one contributory factor to their breathlessness symptoms, with conditions such as dysfunctional breathing pattern disorders (BPD) an under recognised component. Current methods of diagnosing and monitoring breathless conditions can be extensive and difficult to perform, as a consequence home monitoring is poorly complied with. In contrast capnography (the measurement of tidal breath carbon dioxide) is performed during normal breathing. There is a need for a simple, easy-to-use personal device that can aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of respiratory and cardiac causes of breathlessness. Objective:We will explore the use of a new, handheld capnometer (called the N-Tidal C) in different conditions that cause breathlessness. We will study whether the Tidal Breath Carbon Dioxide (TBCO 2 ) waveform, as measured by the N-Tidal C, has different characteristics in a range of respiratory and cardiac conditions. Methods:We will perform a longitudinal, observational study of the TBCO 2 waveform (capnogram) as measured by the N-Tidal C™ capnometer. Participants with a confirmed diagnosis of asthma, breathing pattern disorder, chronic heart failure, motor neurone disease, pneumonia and volunteers with no history of lung disease will be asked to provide twice daily, 75 second TBCO 2 collection via the N-Tidal C device for 6 months duration. The collated capnograms will be correlated with the underlying diagnosis and disease state (stable or exacerbation) to determine if there are different TBCO2 characteristics that can distinguish different respiratory and cardiac causes of breathlessness. Results:This study's recruitment is ongoing, it is anticipated the results will be available in late 2018. Conclusion:The GBRS study will provide an evaluation of the use of capnography as a diagnostic and home monitoring tool for various diseases.

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The skin prick test – European standards

Cited by 686 publications

References 86 publications

Cow’s milk allergy: Evaluating tolerance through skin-prick test

Cow’s milk allergy: Evaluating tolerance through skin-prick test

Urticaria inducible: serie de casos y revisión de la literatura

Exploring the Waveform Characteristics of Tidal Breathing Carbon Dioxide, Measured Using the N-Tidal C Device in Different Breathing Conditions (The General Breathing Record Study): Protocol for an Observational, Longitudinal Study (Preprint)

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