The Skin Microbiota in Patients Hospitalized for Cellulitis and Association With Outcome

Cranendonk, D.R.; Hugenholtz, Floor; Prins, Jan M.; Budding, Andries E.; Wiersinga, W. Joost; Hoepelman, Andy I. M.; Oosterheert, Jan Jelrik; Agtmael, Michiel A. van; Branger, Judith; Brinkman, K.; Lauw, Fanny N.; Pijlman, Annemarie H; Sankatsing, Sanjay U. C.; Soetekouw, Robin; Veenstra, J.; Vries, Peter J. de

doi:10.1093/cid/ciy709

Cited by 26 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The human axillary microbiome of 169 healthy subjects across different age, gender and ethnicity was characterized by using the high‐throughput IS‐pro profiling technique. This method was previously used to extensively analyse the human skin microbiome and various other niches , It is extensively shown that IS‐pro can very reliably describe microbial communities to the species level. Additionally, it has been shown that the IS‐pro technology correlates well with 16S sequencing approach .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of age, gender and race/ethnicity on the composition of the human axillary microbiome

Budding

Lugt-Degen³

et al. 2019

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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Objective The microbial community plays an important role in the generation of human axillary odour by transforming odourless natural secretions into volatile odorous molecules. A limited number of traditional culturing methods and molecular based research have been performed to characterize the human axillary microbiome in small collection sample sizes. Moreover, only a few have considered the interpersonal variations across age, gender or race/ethnicity, and none have included all three variables within one single study. The aim of this study was to characterize the axillary microbiome of healthy subjects across different age groups, genders and races/ethnicities in a large sample size. Methods The underarm skin swab samples were collected from 169 healthy subjects. The axillary microbiome was analysed by IS‐pro, a clinically validated high‐throughput DNA fingerprinting technique. Results The results indicate that the senior subjects (55+) tend to have a higher number of total bacterial than younger adults (of a defined age). The diversity of odour causing bacteria, e.g. corynebacteria, increases with age. Among the three races/ethnicities studied, East Asians have a unique microbial composition compared to Caucasians and Hispanics, which may contribute to the different odour profiles observed among the races/ethnicities studied. Conclusion Human axillary microbiome varies by age, gender and race/ethnicity. This study has provided an unprecedented fundamental knowledge about the axillary microbiota as a function of age, gender and race/ethnicity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of age, gender and race/ethnicity on the composition of the human axillary microbiome

Budding

Lugt-Degen³

et al. 2019

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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“…After eubacterial amplification of the IS region the subsequent amplicons are separated on a capillary sequencer and subsequently compared to the database including the combination of amplicon length and species. The technique has been standardized for clinical use in several other sample types which are previously published (Budding et al, 2010; Rutten et al, 2015; de Meij et al, 2016; Cranendonk et al, 2018). Basically, the IS-pro technology detects all bacterial species at the DNA level in a clinical sample.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiome on the Bone-Anchored Hearing System: A Prospective Study

et al. 2019

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The bone-anchored hearing system (BAHS) has evolved to a common treatment option for various types of hearing revalidation. The BAHS consists of an implant in the skull that breeches the skin. Soft tissue reactions are a common complication associated with BAHS and are generally poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the influence of BAHS and associated skin reactions around the implant. A total of 45 patients were prospectively followed from implantation up to at least 1 year. Swabs were obtained at baseline, 12 weeks follow-up and during cases of inflammation (Holgers score ≥2). The microbiota was assessed using IS-pro TM , a bacterial profiling method based on the interspace region between the 16S–23S rRNA genes. Detection of operational taxonomic units, the Shannon Diversity Index, sample similarity analyses and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) were employed. Staphylococcus epidermidis , Streptococcus pneumoniae/mitis , Propionibacterium acnes , Staphylococcus capitis , Staphylococcus hominis , Bifidobacterium longum , Haemophilus parainfluenzae , Lactobacillus rhamnosus , Bordetella spp., Streptococcus sanguinis , Peptostreptococcus anaerobius , Staphylococcus aureus , Lactococcus lactis , Enterobacter cloacae , and Citrobacter koseri were the most commonly found bacterial species. S. pneumoniae/mitis was significantly more often observed after implantation, whereas P. acnes was significantly less observed after implantation compared with baseline. The relative abundance of S. epidermidis (17%) and S. aureus (19.4%) was the highest for the group of patients with inflammation. The Shannon Diversity Index was significantly increased after implantation compared with pre-surgical swabs for Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, Verrucomicrobia (FAFV), but not for other phyla. When combining all phyla, there was no significant increase in the Shannon Diversity Index. The diversity index was similar post-surgically for patients experiencing inflammation and for patients without inflammation. With a supervised classifier (PLS-DA), patients prone to inflammation could be identified at baseline with an accuracy of 91.7%. In addition, PLS-DA could classify post-surgical abutments as non-inflamed or inflamed with an accuracy of 97.7%. This study shows the potential of using IS-pro TM to describe and quantify the microbiota associated with the percutaneous BAHS. Furthermore, the results indicate the possibility of an early identification of patients susceptible to adverse skin reaction following implantatio...

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“…Our investigation of skin microbiome at 9 uninfected body sites in persons with and without acute suppurative SSTI, with the exception of the gluteal crease, revealed no significant differences in microbiome diversity between infected and uninfected persons. Cranendonk et al similarly found no significant differences in microbiota between patients with nonsuppurative SSTIs (cellulitis) and controls [ 24 ]. They found a correlation between the microbiota of the affected lesion and the microbiota of the unaffected, contralateral limb.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Systemic Antibiotics for Suppurative Skin and Soft Tissue Infections on the Skin Microbiome

Chan

Flores

Navarrete

et al. 2022

Open Forum Infectious Diseases

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Background Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are very common bacterial infections. There are few data on the microbiome of persons with and without SSTIs and the effects of systemic antibiotic therapy. Methods We sampled the skin microbiome from 10 outpatients with acute suppurative SSTI before and after systemic antibiotic therapy and enrolled ten matched controls. Samples were collected at six skin body sites (occipital scalp, axilla, interdigital hand web spaces, gluteal crease, inguinal creases, and popliteal fossa), two mucosal sites (throat, anterior nares), and the site of skin infection (for case subjects) at baseline and a week later after abscess incision, drainage, and oral antibiotics. Results Among 10 SSTI cases, mean age was 41.5 years and 3 had diabetes mellitus. The gluteal crease at baseline had higher alpha-diversity in controls vs. cases (P=0.039); beta-diversity analysis showed significant differences in overall bacterial community composition (P=0.046). However, at other body sites there were no significant differences by either alpha or beta diversity. Systemic antibiotic use did not affect body site diversity indices except at the SSTI site (alpha diversity increased, P=0.001). Conclusions We surprisingly found no significant differences in microbiome comparing non-infected skin sites before and after systemic SSTI antibiotic therapy nor significant differences at non-infected skin sites between SSTI cases and uninfected controls. We also found minimal significant differences between microbiome diversity and bacterial signatures at non-infected skin sites between patients with acute skin infection and uninfected controls. Our findings challenge the dogma that systemic antibiotics impact skin microbiome.

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The Skin Microbiota in Patients Hospitalized for Cellulitis and Association With Outcome

Cited by 26 publications

References 26 publications

The influence of age, gender and race/ethnicity on the composition of the human axillary microbiome

The influence of age, gender and race/ethnicity on the composition of the human axillary microbiome

Microbiome on the Bone-Anchored Hearing System: A Prospective Study

The Effect of Systemic Antibiotics for Suppurative Skin and Soft Tissue Infections on the Skin Microbiome

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