The Skin and Immunosuppression

Bk, Walder; Jeremy, D.; Charlesworth, J. A.; Macdonald, G. J.; Ba, Pussell; Mr, Robertson

doi:10.1111/j.1440-0960.1976.tb00798.x

Cited by 57 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Individuals with EV develop confluent flat warts that, in approximately 30% of cases, progress to SCC on sun-exposed areas (11,14,20,27). The involvement of an infective agent in skin carcinogenesis is supported by the fact that immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients have a 50-to 100-fold higher risk of developing NMSC than the general population (4,16,32,33). In addition, independent studies have reported that DNA of cutaneous HPV types can be detected in SCC and BCC of immunocompetent individuals, suggesting their role in skin carcinogenesis in the general population (28).…”

mentioning

confidence: 77%

Skin Hyperproliferation and Susceptibility to Chemical Carcinogenesis in Transgenic Mice Expressing E6 and E7 of Human Papillomavirus Type 38

Dong

Kloz

Accardi

et al. 2005

J Virol

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The oncoproteins E6 and E7 of human papillomavirus type 38 (HPV38) display several transforming activities in vitro, including immortalization of primary human keratinocytes. To evaluate the oncogenic activities of the viral proteins in an in vivo model, we generated transgenic mice expressing HPV38 E6 and E7 under the control of the bovine homologue of the human keratin 10 (K10) promoter. Two distinct lines of HPV38 E6/E7-expressing transgenic mice that express the viral genes at different levels were obtained. In both lines, HPV38 E6 and E7 induced cellular proliferation, hyperplasia, and dysplasia in the epidermis. The rate of occurrence of these events was proportional to the levels of HPV38 E6 and E7 expression in the two transgenic lines. Exposure of the epidermis of nontransgenic mice to UV led to p21 WAF1 accumulation and cell cycle arrest. In contrast, keratinocytes from transgenic mice continued to proliferate and were not positive for p21 WAF1, indicating that cell cycle checkpoints are altered in keratinocytes expressing the viral genes. Although the HPV38 E6/E7-expressing transgenic mice did not develop spontaneous tumors during their life span, two-stage carcinogen treatment led to a high incidence of papillomas, keratoacanthomas, and squamous-cell carcinomas in HPV38 mice compared with nontransgenic animals. Together, these data show that HPV38 E6 and E7 display transforming properties in vivo, providing further support for the role of HPV38 in carcinogenesis.Nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC), basal-cell carcinoma (BCC), and squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) are the most common malignancies occurring worldwide. Several findings from experimental systems in vitro and in vivo have shown that UV plays a direct role in skin carcinogenesis (3). In addition, a subgroup of the epitheliotropic human papillomaviruses may cooperate with UV in the development of NMSC (28). Individuals with an autosomal recessive disorder termed epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) are susceptible to infection by specific HPV types that belong to the genotype beta branch of the HPV phylogenetic tree (7). Individuals with EV develop confluent flat warts that, in approximately 30% of cases, progress to SCC on sun-exposed areas (11,14,20,27). The involvement of an infective agent in skin carcinogenesis is supported by the fact that immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients have a 50-to 100-fold higher risk of developing NMSC than the general population (4, 16, 32, 33). In addition, independent studies have reported that DNA of cutaneous HPV types can be detected in SCC and BCC of immunocompetent individuals, suggesting their role in skin carcinogenesis in the general population (28). The potential carcinogenic role of the EV HPV types is consistent with the fact that other members of the papillomavirus family, i.e., the mucosal high-risk types, are associated with anogenital cancers (36) and a subset of head and neck cancers (17).The products of two early genes, E6 and E7, are the major oncoproteins of the high-risk mucosal HPV typ...

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mentioning

confidence: 77%

Skin Hyperproliferation and Susceptibility to Chemical Carcinogenesis in Transgenic Mice Expressing E6 and E7 of Human Papillomavirus Type 38

Dong

Kloz

Accardi

et al. 2005

J Virol

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“…According to the data from Montgomery and Dorffel [14], about 20% of actinic keratoses observed in the general population may evolve into squamous cell carcinoma. In transplant recipients a more rapid evolution of these dyskeratoses into spinaliomas has been reported [15,16] while others [17] report that transplant patients are 34.4 times more prone to develop squamous cell carcinoma than the control population. In the paper of Hardie et al [13], the cumulative incidence of skin cancer at 9 years was 44%, which is 21 times greater than the annual incidence in the South Queensland popu lation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Cutaneous Manifestations in Renal Transplant Recipients

Bencini

Montagnino

Vecchi

et al. 1983

Nephron

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Out of 105 renal transplant recipients 100 had skin lesions: 55% iatrogenic, 74% infectious, 12% precancerous or cancerous and 4% miscellaneous. Many of these lesions were at least in part transient, and steroid-related skin lesions became less frequent as years progressed. The more frequent infections were the fungal ones, followed by viral and bacterial infections with different patterns of onset. All the precancerous lesions appeared late and were almost exclusively represented by actinic keratoses; 2 evolved into squamous cell epitheliomata. 2 patients died due to Kaposi’s sarcoma and melanoma. The high incidence of skin cancers in transplanted patients and the rapid evolution of dyskeratoses into spinaliomas warrants close dermatological surveillance.

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“…haemophilum causes mainly skin lesions in immunocompromised patients (42,150). Cutaneous infections with potentially pathogenic mycobacterial species are important for the differential diagnosis of skin lesions in these patients (36,61,93,106).…”

Section: Cutaneous Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Mycobacterium haemophilum Infections

et al. 2011

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SUMMARY Mycobacterium haemophilum is a slowly growing acid-fast bacillus (AFB) belonging to the group of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) frequently found in environmental habitats, which can colonize and occasionally infect humans and animals. Several findings suggest that water reservoirs are a likely source of M. haemophilum infections. M. haemophilum causes mainly ulcerating skin infections and arthritis in persons who are severely immunocompromised. Disseminated and pulmonary infections occasionally occur. The second at-risk group is otherwise healthy children, who typically develop cervical and perihilar lymphadenitis. A full diagnostic regimen for the optimal detection of M. haemophilum includes acid-fast staining, culturing at two temperatures with iron-supplemented media, and molecular detection. The most preferable molecular assay is a real-time PCR targeting an M. haemophilum -specific internal transcribed spacer (ITS), but another approach is the application of a generic PCR for a mycobacterium-specific fragment with subsequent sequencing to identify M. haemophilum . No standard treatment guidelines are available, but published literature agrees that immunocompromised patients should be treated with multiple antibiotics, tailored to the disease presentation and underlying degree of immune suppression. The outcome of M. haemophilum cervicofacial lymphadenitis in immunocompetent patients favors surgical intervention rather than antibiotic treatment.

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The Skin and Immunosuppression

Cited by 57 publications

References 5 publications

Skin Hyperproliferation and Susceptibility to Chemical Carcinogenesis in Transgenic Mice Expressing E6 and E7 of Human Papillomavirus Type 38

Skin Hyperproliferation and Susceptibility to Chemical Carcinogenesis in Transgenic Mice Expressing E6 and E7 of Human Papillomavirus Type 38

Cutaneous Manifestations in Renal Transplant Recipients

Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Mycobacterium haemophilum Infections

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