The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration

Placing the operator at the centre of Industry 4.0 design: Modelling and assessing human activities within cyber-physical systems

“…An interesting finding is that the overall share of income accrued to workers is declining "in the large majority of countries and sectors" (Karabarbounis & Neiman, 2013), meaning that companies increasingly rely on capital rather than labour (Berger & Frey, 2016b). Moreover, these recent analysis (Berger & Frey, 2016b) have supported previous studies stating that technologies have had a skill-biased effect on jobs, negatively impacting medium skill and routine jobs (Autor, Levy, & Murnane, 2003) rather than low and high skill jobs. According to the analysis by (Frey & Osborne, 2013), jobs more susceptible to be substituted from technology are routine based, do not require manual dexterity or social interaction.…”

“…According to the analysis by (Frey & Osborne, 2013), jobs more susceptible to be substituted from technology are routine based, do not require manual dexterity or social interaction. Other research supports that analytical, interactive, and problem-solving skills have become increasingly in demand (Autor et al, 2003) (Berger & Frey, 2016a). In order for the labour market to match the demand with the offer, the workers' characteristics should align with the requirements.…”

Social Class and Income Inequality in the United States: Ownership, Authority, and Personal Income Distribution from 1980 to 2010

“…Advances in automation and computers are also linked to worker displacement and declines in worker bargaining power. For example, evidence suggests that these technologies lowered aggregate demand for workers performing routine manual or cognitive tasks (Autor, Levy, and Murnane 2003) and were implemented by industrial managers in ways designed to undermine worker organization (Noble 1984). …”

“…Prior studies have instead focused on the effects of disaggregate occupations (Mouw and Kalleberg 2010; Weeden et al 2007), skill-biased technical change and increasing returns to education (Autor, Levy, and Murnane 2003), institutional change and its impact on low-wage workers (Card, Lemieux, and Riddell 2004; DiNardo, Fortin, and Lemieux 1996), and demographic shifts (Borjas 1994; Easterlin 1980). No definitive explanation for changes in the distribution of personal income has emerged from this extensive volume of research, and prior models of distributional trends leave considerable room for improvement (McCall and Percheski 2010; Morris and Western 1999).…”

Between- and Within-Occupation Inequality

“…Although the cause of this rising inequality has been hotly debated, particularly the role of skill-biased technological change (Acemoglu 2002; Autor et al 2008; Autor, Levy, and Murnane 2003; Bound and Johnson 1992; Card and DiNardo 2002; Katz and Murphy 1992), there is no disputing the importance of widening income differences by educational attainment. Yet, variation by education is not the only source of rising income inequality.…”