The Skeleton of the Back

Rickenbacher, Josef; Landolt, Alex M.; Theiler, Karl; Scheier, Heinrich; Siegfried, J.; Wagenhäuser, F. J.; Wilson, R. R.; Winstanley, Diana

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-05791-9_3

Cited by 1 publication

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“…It is generally accepted that a failure of ossification in the neural arch ossification center leads to a failure of articular process formation . A mutation of a Hox gene which plays a major regulatory role in chondrocytic proliferation and differentiation, dysgenesis of the neural arch ossification center itself or a lack of development or union of an accessory ossification center with the lamina are considered possible underlying mechanisms …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13 A mutation of a Hox gene which plays a major regulatory role in chondrocytic proliferation and differentiation, 5,6 dysgenesis of the neural arch ossification center itself 14 or a lack of development or union of an accessory ossification center with the lamina are considered possible underlying mechanisms. 9,14,15 It is currently unclear why only a minority of dogs with caudal articular process dysplasia will develop clinical signs of spinal cord dysfunction, while this vertebral anomaly seems to be an incidental finding in the majority of affected dogs. It is also unclear why this vertebral anomaly has been associated with clinical disease especially in Pugs, 5 while the results of this study suggest also a high prevalence in other "screw-tailed" brachycephalic dogs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Caudal articular process dysplasia of thoracic vertebrae in neurologically normal French bulldogs, English bulldogs, and Pugs: Prevalence and characteristics

Bertram

Haar

Decker

2018

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence and anatomical characteristics of thoracic caudal articular process dysplasia in French bulldogs, English bulldogs and Pugs presenting for problems unrelated to spinal disease. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, computed tomography scans of the thoracic vertebral column of these three breeds were reviewed for the presence and location of caudal articular process hypoplasia and aplasia, and compared between breeds. A total of 271 dogs met the inclusion criteria: 108 French bulldogs, 63 English bulldogs, and 100 Pugs. A total of 70.4% of French bulldogs, 84.1% of English bulldogs, and 97.0% of Pugs showed evidence of caudal articular process dysplasia. Compared to French and English bulldogs, Pugs showed a significantly higher prevalence of caudal articular process aplasia, but also a lower prevalence of caudal articular process hypoplasia, a higher number of affected vertebrae per dog and demonstrated a generalized and bilateral spatial pattern more frequently. Furthermore, Pugs showed a significantly different anatomical distribution of caudal articular process dysplasia along the vertebral column, with a high prevalence of caudal articular process aplasia between T10 and T13. This area was almost completely spared in French and English bulldogs. As previously suggested, caudal articular process dysplasia is a common finding in neurologically normal Pugs but this also seems to apply to French and English bulldogs. The predisposition of clinically relevant caudal articular process dysplasia in Pugs is possibly not only caused by the higher prevalence of caudal articular process dysplasia, but also by breed specific anatomical characteristics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%