The Skeletal System

Vaughan, Terry A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-758001-2.50008-3

Cited by 74 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Unlike walking birds, that use the forelimbs for flight and the hindlimbs for walking, bats use all four limbs for both modes of locomotion. Bats are extremely agile in the air, but compared to other mammals most bats move awkwardly on the ground (Schutt and Simmons, 2006;Vaughan, 1959;Vaughan, 1970), suggesting biomechanical trade-offs between aerial and non-aerial locomotion.…”

Section: Trade-offs In Locomotionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terrestrial locomotion of the New Zealand short-tailed batMystacina tuberculataand the common vampire batDesmodus rotundus

Riskin

Parsons

Schutt

et al. 2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY Bats (Chiroptera) are generally awkward crawlers, but the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) and the New Zealand short-tailed bat(Mystacina tuberculata) have independently evolved the ability to manoeuvre well on the ground. In this study we describe the kinematics of locomotion in both species, and the kinetics of locomotion in M. tuberculata. We sought to determine whether these bats move terrestrially the way other quadrupeds do, or whether they possess altogether different patterns of movement on the ground than are observed in quadrupeds that do not fly. Using high-speed video analyses of bats moving on a treadmill, we observed that both species possess symmetrical lateral-sequence gaits similar to the kinematically defined walks of a broad range of tetrapods. At high speeds, D. rotundus use an asymmetrical bounding gait that appears to converge on the bounding gaits of small terrestrial mammals, but with the roles of the forelimbs and hindlimbs reversed. This gait was not performed by M. tuberculata. Many animals that possess a single kinematic gait shift with increasing speed from a kinetic walk (where kinetic and potential energy of the centre of mass oscillate out of phase from each other) to a kinetic run (where they oscillate in phase). To determine whether the single kinematic gait of M. tuberculata meets the kinetic definition of a walk, a run, or a gait that functions as a walk at low speed and a run at high speed, we used force plates and high-speed video recordings to characterize the energetics of the centre of mass in that species. Although oscillations in kinetic and potential energy were of similar magnitudes, M. tuberculata did not use pendulum-like exchanges of energy between them to the extent that many other quadrupedal animals do, and did not transition from a kinetic walk to kinetic run with increasing speed. The gait of M. tuberculata is kinematically a walk,but kinetically run-like at all speeds.

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Section: Trade-offs In Locomotionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terrestrial locomotion of the New Zealand short-tailed batMystacina tuberculataand the common vampire batDesmodus rotundus

Riskin

Parsons

Schutt

et al. 2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…In one specimen of S. erythromos (CML 7708), we observed a broken foramen and the absence of the transverse processes, but in the other specimens of this species, as well as in S. oporaphilum, traces of the arch of the transverse foramen can be present or absent. It is noteworthy that in the most complete descriptions of skeletons of bats, such as Vaughan (1959Vaughan ( , 1970b and Altenbach (1979), the atlas and axis were not included, but in Fenton and Crerar (1984) the two bones were described, and in Walton and Walton (1973) only the atlas was described. These two vertebrae are very important when morpho-functional interpretations are made, related to different movements of the head (Argot 2003), and become more important in phyllostomids because they have broad movements of the head during flight and feeding activities (Walton and Walton 1973).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The variation of the angle of the ventral process (see Results for details) was also observed by other authors (Vaughan 1959, Walton and Walton 1970a, b, Simmons and Conway 2001 in members of the families Vespertilionidae, Molossidae, and Mormoopidae. In this process, tendons and muscles, as M. pectoralis, originate and provide the major force to the downstroke of the wing in flight (Dobson 1878, Vaughan 1959, 1970b, Altenbach 1979. The variation of the angle seems not to be related to diet or way of obtaining food, because species with different diets and feeding behaviors have identical angles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For describing the anatomical characters, we used the traditional terminology for terrestrial mammals; for anatomical nomenclature and criteria for the position of the AXIAL SKELETON OF PHYLLOSTOMIDAE 2343 different skeletal elements we followed Vaughan (1959Vaughan ( , 1970b, Walton and Walton (1970a) and Altenbach (1979), and for the divisions of the axial skeleton we followed Vaughan (1970b). The measurements were taken with digital callipers to the nearest 0.01 mm: greatest length of dorsal arch of atlas (GLDA), maximum length from craniad to caudad edge in the dorsal arch; greatest length of ventral arch of atlas (GLVA), maximum length from craniad to caudad edge in the ventral arch; greatest height of spinous process of axis (GHSP), maximum length taken from the base of the dorsal arch of axis to the dorsal tip of the spinous process; greatest height of axis (GHA), maximum length taken from the base of the ventral arch of the axis to the dorsal tip of the spinous process Crerar 1984, Shapiro 1995, Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphology of the axial skeleton of seven bat genera (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

Gaudioso

Díaz

Bárquez

2017

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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Here we present detailed descriptions and comparisons of the axial skeleton of seven species of bats belonging to five subfamilies of Phyllostomidae of different trophic guilds. The material examined consisted of 34 complete skeletons of seven species. For five of the studied species, previous descriptions have not been conducted, and for the vampires only limited information is available, so that descriptions for these species are here completed. The axial skeleton has characters that allow grouping of the species phylogenetically of the same subfamily and by feeding habits. At the same time, there are characters that associate species from different subfamilies with different types of diet or ways to obtain food.

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“…1C, E). However, in some bat species digits one and five are elongated to the length of digits two, three, and four of the hindlimb resulting in a symmetrical hindlimb with digits of equal length (Vaughan, 1970).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of early development in mammalian limb diversification: A descriptive comparison of early limb development between the natal long‐fingered bat (Miniopterus natalensis) and the mouse (Mus musculus)

Hockman

Mason

Jacobs

et al. 2009

Developmental Dynamics

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The Skeletal System

Cited by 74 publications

References 2 publications

Terrestrial locomotion of the New Zealand short-tailed batMystacina tuberculataand the common vampire batDesmodus rotundus

Terrestrial locomotion of the New Zealand short-tailed batMystacina tuberculataand the common vampire batDesmodus rotundus

Morphology of the axial skeleton of seven bat genera (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

The role of early development in mammalian limb diversification: A descriptive comparison of early limb development between the natal long‐fingered bat (Miniopterus natalensis) and the mouse (Mus musculus)

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