The size of lambs at birth—a study involving egg transfer

Abstract

The influence of maternal and genetic factors on the size of lambs at birth and on their gestation length has been studied from the results of two experiments involving the transfer of fertilised eggs from one breed of sheep to another. In the first experiment, eggs were transferred reciprocally between old ewes of the large Lincoln breed and of the small Welsh Mountain breed. Results are based on 20 transfer lambs and 14 normally born singles. In the second experiment, 35 pure Lincoln and 28 pure Welsh lambs were born as a result of transferring eggs into 18-month-old nulliparous Scottish Blackface sheep.The breed type of the lamb was found to be the most important factor influencing weight and cannon length at birth, although maternal-foetal interactions were present. As the maternal environment became poorer, genotypic differences remained distinct but decreased in magnitude. The maternal environment provided by 4th parity Lincoln ewes, if judged by lamb's size at birth, was better than that provided by 4th parity Welsh ewes, and this in turn was better than that provided by 1st parity Blackfaces. Lincoln and Welsh lambs in the same maternal environment differed in average birth weight by 5·7, 3·8 and 3·0 1b. respectively in the Lincoln, Welsh and 1st parity Blackface maternal environments. Lincoln and Welsh lambs, each in their own normal maternal environment, differed by 6·5 lb. The maternal influence on cannon length was similar but small. Gestation length of Lincoln lambs in Welsh recipients was almost 4 days shorter than that of Welsh lambs in Lincoln recipients. In the Blackface maternal environment, Lincoln and Welsh lambs differed little in gestation length but males were, on average, carried about a day longer than were females.At the individual level, weight of (Blackface) recipient ewe had a somewhat greater effect on lamb's size than had weight of (Lincoln or Welsh) donor ewe. The magnitudes of these ‘genetic’ and ‘maternal’ effects were comparable with those found at the level of group means; even so, donor's and recipient's weight together accounted for only a small part of the individual variation in lamb's size about the group means.It was concluded that a ewe was able to respond to progressively greater demands made by a lamb or lambs of progressively larger (combined) potential size—but in accordance with the law of diminishing returns—and that the upper limit of maternal accommodation must be considerable. By contrast, the upper limit of mean genetic size at birth appears to be not far above the mean size of single lambs born to their natural mothers in good condition. A model has been constructed from which mean birth weight of lambs can be predicted.

An egg transfer study of litter size, birth weight and lamb survival

“…This extreme litter weight is a little more than 2-7 times the observed birth weight of single Finnish Landrace lambs in mothers of their own breed, which supports the estimate of Dickinson et al (1962) that 'the limit of maternal capacity is reached at an average birth weight somewhat under three times that of normal single-born lambs'. Quadruplet Oxford lambs from Finnish Landrace ewes therefore provide an exceptionally heavy maternal load, and their average total litter weight of 9-4 kg (range 9-0 to 9-8) probably represents close to the maximum capacity of such ewes.…”

“…Donald and Russell (1970) have developed a formula for predicting litter weights at birth from ewe weights, but only for intrabreed matings. The formula of Dickinson et al (1962) was used since it will predict weights of lambs from both intrabreed matings and interbreed egg transfer; for the former, D was set equal to R in the calculation. The birth weights presented in Tables 4 and 5 are litter weights; the predicted litter weights were obtained by multiplying W by the appropriate litter size, m.…”

Maternal and genetic influences on follicle and fleece development in Lincoln and Welsh Mountain sheep—a study involving egg transfer

“…Further details of management were given by Dickinson et al (1962). Further details of management were given by Dickinson et al (1962).…”

“…The body size at birth of the lambs in this experiment was reported by Dickinson, Hancock, Hovell, Taylor and Wiener (1962). The experiment involved the transfer of fertilised sheep eggs from Lincoln to Welsh Mountain ewes and vice versa.…”

Some Prenatal Effects on Birth Size in Lincoln and Southdown Lambs Produced by Reciprocal Ovum Transfers

“…Dickinson et al (1962) carried out a series of ova transfers between Lincoln and welsh Mountain breeds, and purebred Lincoln and welsh Mountain lambs were also produced as a result of transferring ova to Scottish Blackface ewes. They found that the lamb's genotype accounted for 727o of the variation in birth weight and 97 Vo of the variation in cannon bone length, while maternal influence was iesponsible for 20Vo and IVo, respectively.…”