The size distribution, imaging and obstructing properties of C60 and higher fullerenes formed within arc-grown single walled carbon nanotubes

Sloan, Jeremy; Dunin-Borkowski, Rafal E.; Hutchison, J. L.; Coleman, Karl S.; Williams, V. Clifford; Claridge, John B.; York, Andrew P. E.; Xu, Cigang; Bailey, Sam R.; Brown, Grace; Friedrichs, Steffi; Green, Malcolm L. H.

doi:10.1016/s0009-2614(99)01250-6

Cited by 185 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…It is well known that a signal at this position can be assigned to C 60 . We have made systematic studies of the pristine SWCNT samples and we have not been able to find any signs of C 60 in the raw samples which has been shown to be a possible "impurity" in arc discharge synthesized SWCNTs [43] (note the absence in the NMR spectrum of the empty SWCNTs). In contrast we have observed this signal in two adamantane filled Arc-SWCNT samples.…”

Section: Nuclear Magnetic Resonancementioning

confidence: 92%

Confined adamantane molecules assembled to one dimension in carbon nanotubes

Yao

Stenmark

Abou-Hamad

et al. 2011

Carbon

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We have encapsulated adamantane (C 10 H 16 ) in single-and multi walled carbon nanotubes.Adamantane is a high symmetry cage like molecule with point group symmetry, T d and can be considered as a hydrogen-terminated diamond fragment. We confirmed and identified the successful filling by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance, and infrared and Raman spectroscopy. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance of the adamantane filled nanotubes reveals that the adamantane molecules stop rotating after encapsulation. A blue-shift of the Raman active radial breathing modes of the carbon nanotubes supports this and suggests a significant interaction between encapsulated adamantane molecules and the single wall nanotubes. The encapsulated adamantane molecules exhibit red shifted infrared C-H vibration modes which we assign to a slight elongation of the C-H bonds. We observe both a nanotube diameter dependence of the adamantane fill ratio and a release rate of adamantane from the CNTs that depends on the CNT diameters.

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Section: Nuclear Magnetic Resonancementioning

confidence: 92%

Confined adamantane molecules assembled to one dimension in carbon nanotubes

Yao

Stenmark

Abou-Hamad

et al. 2011

Carbon

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“…In their simulated images the graphene layers and the concentric shells are easily recognizable. Fullerenes in the center of a single wall nanotube were also simulated (Sloan et al, 2000). The fullerenes are well observed in the center of the tube.…”

Section: Results Of Image Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth model for arc-deposited fullerene-like CNx nanoparticles

Veisz

Radnóczi

2005

Microsc. Res. Tech.

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Multiwall CN x nanotubes, nanoonions, and amorphous nanoballs were formed by carbon DC arc evaporation in a nitrogen atmosphere. The samples were investigated by conventional and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. We propose a fragment-by-fragment growth mechanism for the formation of the nanoparticles. Accordingly, particles and aggregates of particles form in the vacuum ambient by the collisions between atomic species and small fragments. This growth model is supported by the discontinuous inner shells and disordered surface layers composed from graphene fragments. Image simulations confirm the detectability of dangling and back-folding surface layers in the experimental images. Further, the simulated images also confirm that the growth of nanoonions starts from a single fullerene-like seed. The amorphous nanoballs form when ordering of the building blocks during growth is hindered by the cross-linking nitrogen bonds. Microsc. Res. Tech. 67:100-105, 2005. V

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“…For instance, Goel et al [71] reported a crystalline structure for C 60 in toluene with a diameter of about 0.7 nm, and a two-fold symmetry. Smith et al [72] and Sloan et al [73] reported HRTEM images of round closed shells of fullerenes with diameters smaller and larger than C 60 (0.4 to 1.6 nm) encapsulated within the hollow central region of individual single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) [72,73] and Burden and Hutchison [74] provided real-time evidence of C 60 and C 70 formation on the surface of carbon black particles irradiated with an electron beam. However, TEM produces a high level of sample perturbation because the grids must be dried prior to imaging and the particles are likely to aggregate to some degree.…”

Section: Characterisation Of Fullerenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation and determination of fullerenes: A critical review

Astefanei

Núñez

Galcerán

2015

Analytica Chimica Acta

165

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Highlights Methodologies for fullerene aggregate characterization are discussed.  Chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques for fullerene analysis are presented.  Accurate identification and detection of fullerenes by LC-MS is critically reviewed. Graphical abstract AbstractA prominent sector of nanotechnology is occupied by a class of carbon-based nanoparticles known as fullerenes. Fullerene particle size and shape impact in how easily these particles are transported into and throughout the environment and living tissues. Currently, there is a lack of adequate methodology for their size and shape characterisation, identification and quantitative detection in environmental and biological samples. The most commonly used methods for their size measurements (aggregation, size distribution, shape, etc.), the effect of sampling and sample treatment on these characteristics and the analytical methods proposed for their determination in complex matrices are discussed in this review. For the characterisation and analysis of fullerenes in real samples, different analytical techniques including microscopy, spectroscopy, flow field-flow fractionation, electrophoresis, light scattering, liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry have been reported. The existing limitations and knowledge gaps in the use of these techniques are discussed and the necessity to hyphenate complementary ones for the accurate characterisation, identification and quantitation of these nanoparticles is highlighted.

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The size distribution, imaging and obstructing properties of C60 and higher fullerenes formed within arc-grown single walled carbon nanotubes

Cited by 185 publications

References 16 publications

Confined adamantane molecules assembled to one dimension in carbon nanotubes

Confined adamantane molecules assembled to one dimension in carbon nanotubes

Growth model for arc-deposited fullerene-like CNx nanoparticles

Characterisation and determination of fullerenes: A critical review

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