The Silk Road and Cultural Exchanges between East and West

Rong, Ximin; Church, Sally K.; Galambos, Imre; al., Sally K Church. et

doi:10.1163/9789004512597

Cited by 6 publications

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“…Zhang Qian's visit to the Western Regions is regarded as a symbol of the opening of the Silk Road in 138 BC [9]. Two visits to the Western Regions broke the nomads' monopoly in the Silk Road trade, allowing for the establishment of direct trade relationships among China, Central Asia, and West Asia [10]. Exchanges along the route have lasted for thousands of years and have had far-reaching effects, especially in terms of agriculture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exchanges of economic plants along the land silk road

et al. 2022

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Backgroud The greatest contribution of the Silk Road is to communicate among different countries and nationalities, and promote two-way cultural exchanges between the East and the West. We now have clearer understanding about how material civilization and religious culture of Central Asia and West Asia spread eastward along the Land Silk Road. However, there is controversial about how crops migrate along the Land Silk Road. Results We summarize archaeology, genetics, and genomics data to explore crop migration patterns. Of the 207 crops that were domesticated along the Land Silk Road, 19 for which genomic evidence was available were selected for discussion. Conclusions There were conflicting lines of evidence for the domestication of Tibetan barley, mustard, lettuce, buckwheat, and chickpea. The main reasons for the conflicting results may include incomplete early knowledge, record differences in different period, sample sizes, and data analysis techniques. There was strong evidence that Tibetan barley, barley, wheat, and jujube were introduced into China before the existence of the Land Silk Road; and mustard, lettuce, buckwheat, chickpea, alfalfa, walnut, cauliflower, grape, spinach, apple, cucumber, mulberry, and pea spread to China via trade and human migration along the Land Silk Road.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exchanges of economic plants along the land silk road

et al. 2022

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“…It has previously been established that historic wheat development in Central Asia was based on two primary gene flow directions [13][14][15]17]. The first direction originated from the Northern European side, mainly via Russia and Ukraine, as these countries, along with some Central Asian republics, were part of the USSR.…”

Section: Comparative Population Structures Of Spring and Winter Types...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first direction originated from the Northern European side, mainly via Russia and Ukraine, as these countries, along with some Central Asian republics, were part of the USSR. The second direction originated from the southwest, part of the ancient Silk Road [14,15], and has a lengthy trade history with its southern neighbors, including Afghanistan. This is particularly true for Kazakhstan, as this country's wheat-growing region stretches from its northern borders with Russia to its southern borders with Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.…”

Section: Comparative Population Structures Of Spring and Winter Types...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is assumed that the genetic structure of modern winter wheat accessions in this region was formed via long-term breeding using two distinct germplasm pools. The first germplasm pool was founded on the historical activities pursued along the Great Silk Road [14,15] and the continuing direct supply of germplasm from Western Asia. Therefore, the majority of accessions are assumed to have "genetic signatures" from Turkey and other countries from Western or Southwestern Asia, such as from neighboring Afghanistan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Population Structure of Modern Winter Wheat Accessions from Central Asia

Amalova

Yermekbayev

Griffiths

et al. 2023

Plants

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Despite the importance of winter wheat in Central Asian countries, there are limited reports describing their diversity within this region. In this study, the population structures of 115 modern winter wheat cultivars from four Central Asian countries were compared to germplasms from six other geographic origins using 10,746 polymorphic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. After applying the STRUCTURE package, we found that in terms of the most optimal K steps, samples from Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan were grouped together with samples from Russia, while samples from Tajikistan and Uzbekistan were grouped with samples from Afghanistan. The mean value of Nei’s genetic diversity index for the germplasm from four groups from Central Asia was 0.261, which is comparable to that of the six other groups studied: Europe, Australia, the USA, Afghanistan, Turkey, and Russia. The Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) showed that samples from Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan were close to samples from Turkey, while Kazakh accessions were located near samples from Russia. The evaluation of 10,746 SNPs in Central Asian wheat suggested that 1006 markers had opposing allele frequencies. Further assessment of the physical positions of these 1006 SNPs in the Wheat Ensembl database indicated that most of these markers are constituents of genes associated with plant stress tolerance and adaptability. Therefore, the SNP markers identified can be effectively used in regional winter wheat breeding projects for facilitating plant adaptation and stress resistance.

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“…Exfoliation occurs when the van der Waals interactions binding the layers together are overcome via large shear forces that are introduced in the presence of a solvent through either sonication, highshear mixing or wet-ball milling [10]. The solvent has been suggested to play a relatively minor role in this initial separation of layers, with extensive exfoliation occurring in most solvents due to the huge amounts of energy involved [15,16]. The solvent then stabilizes the exfoliated nanosheets preventing reaggregation and sedimentation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of solvent interfacial structural ordering in maintaining stable graphene dispersions

Patil,

Caffrey

2023

2D Mater.

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Liquid phase exfoliation is the most promising method for the low-cost, scalable production of two-dimensional nanosheets from their bulk counterparts. Extensive exfoliation occurs in most solvents due to the huge amount of energy introduced by sonication or shear mixing. However, the subsequent dispersion is not always stable, with extensive reaggregation occurring in some solvents. Identifying the optimal solvent for a particular layered material is difficult and requires a fundamental understanding of the mechanism involved in maintaining a stable dispersion. Here, we use molecular dynamics calculations to show that when graphene is immersed in a solvent, distinct solvation layers are formed irrespective of the choice of solvent and their formation is energetically favourable for all considered solvents. However, energetic considerations such as these do not explain the experimental solvent-dependence of the dispersion concentration. Instead, we find that solvents with high diffusion coefficients parallel to the graphene layer result in the lowest experimental concentration of graphene in solution. This can be explained by the enhanced ease of reaggregation in these solvents. Solvents with smaller diffusion coefficients result in higher experimental graphene concentrations as reaggregation is prevented. In the low diffusion limit, however, this relationship breaks down. We suggest that here the concentration of graphene in solution depends primarily on the separation efficiency of the initial exfoliation step. Based on this, we predict that the concentration of exfoliated graphene in solvents such as benzaldehyde and quinoline, which have low diffusion constants, can be increased dramatically by careful tuning of the experimental sonication parameters.

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The Silk Road and Cultural Exchanges between East and West

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Exchanges of economic plants along the land silk road

Exchanges of economic plants along the land silk road

Population Structure of Modern Winter Wheat Accessions from Central Asia

The role of solvent interfacial structural ordering in maintaining stable graphene dispersions

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