The Significance of the Mortality Rates of the Colored Population of the United States

Trask, John W.

doi:10.2105/ajph.6.3.254

Cited by 13 publications

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“…Both Du Bois 41 (p. 89) and Trask 42 (p. 258-9) also speculated that economic disparities in health were likely to rival if not exceed black/white disparities, a hypothesis not then easily tested due to an absence of socioeconomic data in readily available health records. Putting this idea to the test, however, in the 1920s and 1930s, a small body of work began to generate empirical evidence that black/white socioeconomic inequalities strongly contributed to black/white disparities in health.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…(1) That the colored death-rates of most communities of the United States are not discouragingly high; (2) that they are undoubtedly lower than they have been in the past; (3) that they are as low as many white population groups possessed twenty or thirty years ago; and (4) that with the economic and industrial progress of the colored population its death-rate will gradually approach nearer to that of the white population. 42 (p. 259) Both Du Bois 41 (p. 89) and Trask 42 (p. 258-9) also speculated that economic disparities in health were likely to rival if not exceed black/white disparities, a hypothesis not then easily tested due to an absence of socioeconomic data in readily available health records. Putting this idea to the test, however, in the 1920s and 1930s, a small body of work began to generate empirical evidence that black/white socioeconomic inequalities strongly contributed to black/white disparities in health.…”

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The Ostrich, the Albatross, and Public Health: An Ecosocial Perspective—Or Why an Explicit Focus on Health Consequences of Discrimination and Deprivation is Vital for Good Science and Public Health Practice

Krieger

2001

Public Health Rep

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Concern for social inequalities in health in the United States is increasingly becoming part of the mainstream public health and health research agenda. Responding to organized efforts within and outside the health sector, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) is supporting programs dedicated to eliminating social disparities in health, 1 and within DHHS, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) are supporting research into health disparities. 2 The NIH Office of Research on Women's Health 3 (founded in 1990) and the new National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities 4 (including socioeconomic disparities) are, for example, focusing attention on multiple health outcomes in relation to specified social determinants, rather than parsing out ailments solely by body parts. At issue are ways in which population patterns of health, disease, and well-being, from conception to death, reflect societal conditions, including social inequality, across the lifecourse. 5,6 Challenges to conducting work on social disparities in health are numerous-partly because the research requires development of new theories and methods, but also because it has encountered political opposition. Addressing the scientific challenges, new theoretical work is underway to develop explicit frameworks, such as ecosocial theory, that systematically conjoin biological and social analyses of population health in order to explain how individuals embody societal conditions-and why social inequalities in health exist. [5][6][7] In terms of methodology, lively debates concern how best to measure-for purposes of both monitoring and etiologic research-the social constructs of socioeconomic position, race/ethnicity, gender, and sexual identity, as well as the experiences of and buffers to the types of

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The Ostrich, the Albatross, and Public Health: An Ecosocial Perspective—Or Why an Explicit Focus on Health Consequences of Discrimination and Deprivation is Vital for Good Science and Public Health Practice

Krieger

2001

Public Health Rep

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“…The majority of studies on ethnicity and health have been published in the USA since the beginning of the twentieth century (comparing health and health determinants in white people, African–Americans, Hispanics and Native Americans),2 – 6 and in Britain (study on indigenous population and different ethnic minorities like Asian, Indian etc) 7 8. Data on the health status and its determinants of the Roma population living in Central–Eastern Europe are scarce, despite the fact that they are the largest minority in the European Union, particularly in Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, the Slovak and the Czech Republic 9 – 11.…”

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Does socioeconomic status fully mediate the effect of ethnicity on the health of Roma people in Hungary?

Vokó

Csépe

Németh

et al. 2009

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

103

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Background: Several models have been proposed to explain the association between ethnicity and health. It was investigated whether the association between Roma ethnicity and health is fully mediated by socioeconomic status in Hungary. Methods: Comparative health interview surveys were performed in 2003-04 on representative samples of the Hungarian population and inhabitants of Roma settlements. Logistic regression models were applied to study whether the relationship between Roma ethnicity and health is fully mediated by socioeconomic status, and whether Roma ethnicity modifies the association between socioeconomic status and health. Results: The health status of people living in Roma settlements was poorer than that of the general population (odds ratio of severe functional limitation after adjustment for age and gender 1.8 (95% confidence interval 1.4 to 2.3)). The difference in self-reported health and in functionality was fully explained by the socioeconomic status. The less healthy behaviours of people living in Roma settlements was also related very strongly to their socioeconomic status, but remained significantly different from the general population when differences in the socioeconomic status were taken into account, (eg odds ratio of daily smoking 1.6 (95% confidence interval 1.3 to 2.0) after adjustment for age, gender, education, income and employment). Conclusion: Socioeconomic status is a strong determinant of health of people living in Roma settlements in Hungary. It fully explains their worse health status but only partially determines their less healthy behaviours. Efforts to improve the health of Roma people should include a focus on socioeconomic status, but it is important to note that cultural differences must be taken into account in developing public health interventions.The association between ethnicity and health is well established. Though it is generally accepted that interpreting ethnicity as an independent determinant of health is a simplification, present knowledge of the complex causal network of ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), health behaviour, environment and health status is rather limited.

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“…Similarly, in a 1916 US report, John W. Trask concluded that the lower death rates among Whites than among Blacks reflected more favorable socioeconomic circumstances, rather than any inherent ethnic differences. 2 The associations between ethnicity, social position, and health were clearly apparent to these authors, but the complexity of these interrelationships has not been fully recognized in much of the research conducted over the past century.…”

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Learning to live with complexity: ethnicity, socioeconomic position, and health in Britain and the United States

2000

Am J Public Health

168

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The relation between ethnicity, socioeconomic position, and health is complex, has changed over time, and differs between countries. In the United States there is a long tradition of treating ethnic group membership simply as a socioeconomic measure, and differentials in health status between African Americans and groups of European origin have been considered purely socioeconomic. A contrary position sees the differences as either "cultural" or due to inherent "racial" differences. Although conventional socioeconomic indicators statistically explain much of the health difference between African Americans and Americans of European origin, they do not tell the full story. Incommensurate measures of socioeconomic position across ethnic groups clearly contribute to this difference. Additional factors, such as the extent of racism, are also likely to be important. The interaction of ethnicity, social position, and health in Britain is similarly complex. Studies that inadequately account for socioeconomic circumstances when examining ethnic-group differences in health can reify ethnicity (and its supposed correlates); however, the reductionist attribution of all ethnic differences in health to socioeconomic factors is untenable. The only productive way forward is through studies that recognize the contingency of the relations between socioeconomic position, ethnicity, and particular health outcomes.

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The Significance of the Mortality Rates of the Colored Population of the United States

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

The Ostrich, the Albatross, and Public Health: An Ecosocial Perspective—Or Why an Explicit Focus on Health Consequences of Discrimination and Deprivation is Vital for Good Science and Public Health Practice

The Ostrich, the Albatross, and Public Health: An Ecosocial Perspective—Or Why an Explicit Focus on Health Consequences of Discrimination and Deprivation is Vital for Good Science and Public Health Practice

Does socioeconomic status fully mediate the effect of ethnicity on the health of Roma people in Hungary?

Learning to live with complexity: ethnicity, socioeconomic position, and health in Britain and the United States

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