The Significance of Selected C-C Motif Chemokine Ligands in Colorectal Cancer Patients

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed neoplasms. Despite the advances in diagnostic tools and treatments, the number of CRC cases is increasing. Therefore, it is vital to search for new parameters that could be useful in its diagnosis. Thus, we wanted to assess the usefulness of selected CC chemokines (CCL2, CCL4, and CCL15) in CRC. The study included 115 subjects (75 CRC patients and 40 healthy volunteers). The serum concentrations of all parameters were measured using a multiplexing method (Luminex). The CRP levels were determined by immunoturbidimetry, and the classical tumor markers (CEA and CA 19-9) were measured using CMIA (chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay). The concentrations of all parameters were higher in the CRC group when compared to the healthy controls. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and area under the ROC curve (AUC) of all estimated CC chemokines were higher than those of CA 19-9. Interestingly, the obtained results also suggest CCL2’s significance in the determination of local metastases and CCL4’s significance in the determination of distant metastases. However, further studies concerning the role of selected CC chemokines in the course of colorectal cancer are necessary to confirm and to fully clarify their diagnostic utility and their clinical application as markers of CRC development.

CXCL5 and CXCL14, but not CXCL16 as potential non-invasive biomarkers of colorectal cancer?

“…Statistical analysis was performed by RStudio and Statistica 13.0 as described pre-viously [13,14]. The cut-off points for each of the tested parameters were designated as fol-lows: CXCL5-953.96 pg/mL, CXCL14-650.92 pg/mL, CXCL16-926.01 pg/mL, CA 19 − 9-5.30 U/mL, CEA -1.70 ng/mL, CRP -2.50 mg/L.…”

“…In order to continue the research on the usefulness of different chemokine groups in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer, we decided to use the previous assays [14] in a combined analysis with the currently obtained concentrations. The obtained results turned out to be very interesting, which in our opinion signi cantly in uences the validity of the published work.…”

Sulfated Hyaluronan Binds to Heparanase and Blocks Its Enzymatic and Cellular Actions in Carcinoma Cells

“…CCL2 or CCL2-CCR2 axis is relevant in recruiting tumorassociated macrophages to the site of cancer. Expression of CCL2 was reported to be a predictive marker for liver metastasis [53], and a factor to determine local metastasis [54] of human CRC. Sulfated HA effectively inhibited CCL2 release from colon-26 cells stimulated by exogenously added muHpse.…”

CXCL5 and CXCL14, but not CXCL16 as potential biomarkers of colorectal cancer

“…The biochemical analysis of the tested parameters was performed as described previously 14 , 15 . Each participant’s blood was drawn into a tube with a clot activator (S-Monovette, SARSTEDT, Germany), centrifuged to separate the serum, and then kept at -80 0 C until being analyzed.…”