The Significance of Lipids to Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans: An Emerging Perspective

Alim, Darakshan; Sircaik, Shabnam; Panwar, Sneh Lata

doi:10.3390/jof4040140

Cited by 46 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 116 publications

(174 reference statements)

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“…These biofilms provide bacteria with a positive anaerobic environment to grow. In return, the bacteria augments the formation of C. albicans "mini biofilms" which can easily float and grow under the toxic condition (Douglas, 2003;Finkel and Mitchell, 2011;Gulati and Nobile, 2016;Alim et al, 2018).…”

Section: Polymicrobial Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanistic Understanding of Candida albicans Biofilm Formation and Approaches for Its Inhibition

et al. 2021

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In recent years, the demand for novel antifungal therapies has increased several- folds due to its potential to treat severe biofilm-associated infections. Biofilms are made by the sessile microorganisms attached to the abiotic or biotic surfaces, enclosed in a matrix of exopolymeric substances. This results in new phenotypic characteristics and intrinsic resistance from both host immune response and antimicrobial drugs. Candida albicans biofilm is a complex association of hyphal cells that are associated with both abiotic and animal tissues. It is an invasive fungal infection and acts as an important virulent factor. The challenges linked with biofilm-associated diseases have urged scientists to uncover the factors responsible for the formation and maturation of biofilm. Several strategies have been developed that could be adopted to eradicate biofilm-associated infections. This article presents an overview of the role of C. albicans biofilm in its pathogenicity, challenges it poses and threats associated with its formation. Further, it discusses strategies that are currently available or under development targeting prostaglandins, quorum-sensing, changing surface properties of biomedical devices, natural scaffolds, and small molecule-based chemical approaches to combat the threat of C. albicans biofilm. This review also highlights the recent developments in finding ways to increase the penetration of drugs into the extracellular matrix of biofilm using different nanomaterials against C. albicans.

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Section: Polymicrobial Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanistic Understanding of Candida albicans Biofilm Formation and Approaches for Its Inhibition

et al. 2021

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“…The investigation into lipids, specifically in fungi, has gained interest due to the recent emergence of fungi as human pathogens over the past few decades as well as being problematic to the agricultural industry [7,18,19]. The number of cases of invasive fungal infections have skyrocketed with the growing population of immunocompromised individuals, most notably including AIDS patients and patients undergoing immunosuppressive medical interventions.…”

Section: Lipids As An Emerging Topic Of Study In Fungal Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the known structural and regulatory roles, lipids have also been described to be virulence factors in pathogenic fungi. Due to the availability of more precise assays, unique structural differences in fungal lipid species compared to the host have been identified, which have opened the possibility of exploring these compounds and their associated enzymes as novel antifungal targets [10,18,24,25]. Specific lipid species that have been suggested to be potential novel drug targets include cell membrane-associated lipids such as phospholipids and glycosphingolipids.…”

Section: Lipids As An Emerging Topic Of Study In Fungal Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steryl Glycosides in Fungal Pathogenesis: An Understudied Immunomodulatory Adjuvant

Normile

McEvoy

Poeta

2020

JoF

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Invasive fungal infections pose an increasing threat to human hosts, especially in immunocompromised individuals. In response to the increasing morbidity and mortality of fungal infections, numerous groups have shown great strides in uncovering novel treatment options and potential efficacious vaccine candidates for this increasing threat due to the increase in current antifungal resistance. Steryl glycosides are lipid compounds produced by a wide range of organisms, and are largely understudied in the field of pathogenicity, especially to fungal infections. Published works over the years have shown these compounds positively modulating the host immune response. Recent advances, most notably from our lab, have strongly indicated that steryl glycosides have high efficacy in protecting the host against lethal Cryptococcal infection through acting as an immunoadjuvant. This review will summarize the keystone studies on the role of steryl glycosides in the host immune response, as well as elucidate the remaining unknown characteristics and future perspectives of these compounds for the host–fungal interactions.

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“…Candida species are common human fungal pathogens that cause a wide range of clinical diseases, ranging from superficial infections to life-threatening systemic disease (Lin et al 2018, Meletiadis et al 2017, Pfaller & Diekema 2007. Candida albicans is the most common species responsible for causing infections worldwide; however, there has been an increase in the incidence of infections caused by non-albicans Candida species (Alim et al 2018, Santolaya et al 2019, Silva et al 2012. Candida albicans represents 50-82% of the Candida spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antifungal and anti-biofilm effect of the calcium channel blocker verapamil on non-albicans Candida species

Scorzoni

Menezes

Pereira

et al. 2020

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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Candida is a human fungal pathogen that causes a wide range of diseases. Candida albicans is the main etiologic agent in these diseases; however, infections can be caused by non-albicans Candida species. Virulence factors such as biofilm production, which protect the fungus from host immunity and anti-fungal drugs, are important for the infection. Therefore, available antifungal drugs for candidiasis treatment are limited and the investigation of new and effective drugs is needed. Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker with an inhibitory effect on hyphae development, adhesion, and colonization of C. albicans. In this study, we investigated the effect of verapamil on cell viability and its antifungal and anti-biofilm activity in non-albicans Candida species. Verapamil was not toxic to keratinocyte cells; moreover, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, and C. glabrata were susceptible to verapamil with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1250 μM; in addition, this drug displayed fungistatic effect at the evaluated concentrations. After treatment with verapamil, reduced viability, biomass, and mitochondrial activity were observed in biofilms of the non-albicans Candida species C. krusei, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis. These findings highlight the importance of the study of verapamil as an alternative treatment for infections caused by non-albicans Candida species.

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The Significance of Lipids to Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans: An Emerging Perspective

Cited by 46 publications

References 116 publications

Mechanistic Understanding of Candida albicans Biofilm Formation and Approaches for Its Inhibition

Mechanistic Understanding of Candida albicans Biofilm Formation and Approaches for Its Inhibition

Steryl Glycosides in Fungal Pathogenesis: An Understudied Immunomodulatory Adjuvant

Antifungal and anti-biofilm effect of the calcium channel blocker verapamil on non-albicans Candida species

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