“…On the one side, a widespread adoption of EVs depends on the capability of the battery technology to increase energy and power density and prolong its lifetime while decreasing its cost [6]. On the other side, current commercial traction batteries are heavy and expensive devices that consist of raw materials, which are high in embodied energy (e.g., aluminum, copper, nickel, cobalt, graphite) [7]. These factors combined together with an increase in the demand for more capable energy storage systems technology, have motivated the rise of research efforts striving to overcome the technological boundaries on energy capacity and cost [6,8,9].…”