The significance of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicle life-cycle energy and emissions and recycling's role in its reduction

Dunn, Jennifer B.; Gaines, Linda; Kelly, James G.; James, Christine; Gallagher, Kevin G.

doi:10.1039/c4ee03029j

Cited by 412 publications

(302 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The use of a metallic lithium foil as the anode for the LSB battery was estimated to contribute to approximately a 15% of the total GWP emissions of the battery as seen in Figure 3. Lithium mining activities are associated with a lower energy demand and reduced emissions compared to the mining of Ni or Co [7]. Li metal is manufactured through salt electrolysis of lithium chloride.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In other impact categories such as human toxicity, ecotoxicity, eutrophication and metal depletion the battery system represents the largest contribution [5,33]. Nevertheless, only few studies have addressed in detailed the impact of the traction battery [7,[12][13][14]36]. Current LCA studies on traction battery systems have accounted for cradle to gate GWP results ranging from 39-196 kg CO 2 -eq/kWh as shown in Table 1.…”

Section: Life Cycle Assessment (Lca) and Its Application For Tractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and LMO [7]. In literature, only one study rates the environmental impact of LSB traction batteries.…”

Section: Life Cycle Assessment (Lca) and Its Application For Tractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the one side, a widespread adoption of EVs depends on the capability of the battery technology to increase energy and power density and prolong its lifetime while decreasing its cost [6]. On the other side, current commercial traction batteries are heavy and expensive devices that consist of raw materials, which are high in embodied energy (e.g., aluminum, copper, nickel, cobalt, graphite) [7]. These factors combined together with an increase in the demand for more capable energy storage systems technology, have motivated the rise of research efforts striving to overcome the technological boundaries on energy capacity and cost [6,8,9].…”

Section: Background and Motivation Of The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring the Effect of Increased Energy Density on the Environmental Impacts of Traction Batteries: A Comparison of Energy Optimized Lithium-Ion and Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Mobility Applications

et al. 2018

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Abstract:The quest towards increasing the energy density of traction battery technologies has led to the emergence and diversification of battery materials. The lithium sulfur battery (LSB) is in this regard a promising material for batteries due to its specific energy. However, due to its low volumetric energy density, the LSB faces challenges in mobility applications such as electric vehicles but also other transportation modes. To understand the potential environmental implication of LSB batteries, a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed. For this study, electrodes for both an NMC111 with an anode graphite and a LSB battery cell with a lithium metal foil as anode were manufactured. Data from disassembly experiments performed on a real battery system for a mid-size passenger vehicle were used to build the required life cycle inventory. The energy consumption during the use phase was calculated using a simulative approach. A set of thirteen impact categories was evaluated and characterized with the ReCiPe methodology. The results of the LCA in this study allow identification of the main sources of environmental problems as well as possible strategies to improve the environmental impact of LSB batteries. In this regard, the high requirements of N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) for the processing of the sulfur cathode and the thickness of the lithium foil were identified as the most important drivers. We make recommendations for necessary further research in order to broaden the understanding concerning the potential environmental implication of the implementation of LSB batteries for mobility applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Life Cycle Assessment (Lca) and Its Application For Tractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and LMO [7]. In literature, only one study rates the environmental impact of LSB traction batteries.…”

Section: Life Cycle Assessment (Lca) and Its Application For Tractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Background and Motivation Of The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Exploring the Effect of Increased Energy Density on the Environmental Impacts of Traction Batteries: A Comparison of Energy Optimized Lithium-Ion and Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Mobility Applications

et al. 2018

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“…Energy is the foundation of the society progress and development and it is vital to develop a new energy storage that is efficient and environmentally friendly and more necessarily put it to effect [1]. Electric vehicles have received extensive attention due to their features such as cleanliness and high efficiency [2,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Equivalent Circuit Model for Lithium Battery of Electric Vehicle considering Self-Healing Characteristic

Pei

Zhao

Yuan

et al. 2018

Journal of Control Science and Engineering

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Considering the self-healing phenomenon of lithium batteries during intermittent discharge, a self-healing characteristic-based equivalent circuit model of lithium batteries is proposed. The mathematical description of the lithium battery in the self-healing process is obtained through the analysis of the equivalent circuit model. Based on experimental platform, an experiment considering self-healing characteristic was performed. Result shows that the self-healing characteristic-based lithium battery equivalent circuit model can describe the voltage of the lithium battery accurately during the self-healing process.

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Life Cycle Analysis Summary for Automotive Lithiumion Battery Production and Recycling

Dunn¹,

Gaines²,

Kelly³

et al. 2016

Rewas 2016: Towards Materials Resource Sustainability

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The significance of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicle life-cycle energy and emissions and recycling's role in its reduction

Abstract: This article examines three key questions in environmental analysis of EVs and their batteries that influence EV-to-ICV comparative environmental performance.

Cited by 412 publications

References 33 publications

Exploring the Effect of Increased Energy Density on the Environmental Impacts of Traction Batteries: A Comparison of Energy Optimized Lithium-Ion and Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Mobility Applications

Exploring the Effect of Increased Energy Density on the Environmental Impacts of Traction Batteries: A Comparison of Energy Optimized Lithium-Ion and Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Mobility Applications

An Equivalent Circuit Model for Lithium Battery of Electric Vehicle considering Self-Healing Characteristic

Life Cycle Analysis Summary for Automotive Lithiumion Battery Production and Recycling

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