The Significance of Brain Damage in Persistent Oral Dyskinesia

Edwards, H. A.

doi:10.1192/bjp.116.532.271

Cited by 76 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The prevalence rate of abnormal involuntary movements of 14.5% in females and 7% in males among Nigerians in a chronic psychiatric patients' unit compares favourably with reports from the western world [Edwards, 1970;Brandon et al, 1971 ;Perris et al, 1979]. Similarly, the preponderance of female patients with the disorder in the population, though not to a significant degree, supports the hypothesis of the female's susceptibility to persistent dyskinesia [Ayd, 1967a, b;Di Moscio and Shader, 1970 ;Brandon et al, 1971].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…Guttmanet al [1970] remarked that older patients receiving high dosages of neuroleptics developed extrapyramidal signs more frequently than younger patients. This observation might have relevance to the increase in brain pathology in the older age group [Edwards, 1970, Hunter et al, 1964Famuyiwa et al, 1979;Perris et al, 1979]. Similarly, Brandon et al's [1971] finding of facial dyskinesia in patients who had never been exposed to neuroleptics would suggest other possible causes of such dyskinesia.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

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Prevalence of Persistent Abnormal Involuntary Movements among Patients in a Nigerian Long-Stay Psychiatric Unit

Ao¹

1980

Int Pharmacopsychiatry

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226 patients in a Nigerian chronic psychiatric patients’ unit were examined for the evidence of abnormal involuntary movements. 21 (9.3%) of the patients had the disorder. The prevalence rate was higher among the females (14.5%) than among the males (7%). All the 21 patients had the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Also, they were found to be of an older age group than the total population. In comparison with a control group, the development of persistent abnormal involuntary movement was found not to be related to the daily dose of neuroleptic drugs administered or to the duration of the illness. The disorder was thought to be an idiosyncratic reaction.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Prevalence of Persistent Abnormal Involuntary Movements among Patients in a Nigerian Long-Stay Psychiatric Unit

Ao¹

1980

Int Pharmacopsychiatry

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“…Several other studies, together with the descriptions of sehizophrenia before the era of neurolepties, substantiate the contention that psychiatrie disease is extremely important in the genesis ofdyskinesia and aceounts for its relatively persistent character (Albus et al, 1985;Altrocchi, 1972;Bamy, 1987;Edwards, 1970;Turek, 1975;Waddington and Youssej, 1986;Waddingtonetal., 1987;Wegneretal., 1985).…”

Section: Pharmacopsychiat 23 (1990) 35mentioning

confidence: 84%

'Tardive' Dyskinesia: Etiological and Therapeutic Aspects

Awouters¹,

Niemegeers²,

Janssen³

1990

Pharmacopsychiatry

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Common hypotheses may dominate medical opinion: tardive dyskinesia is semi-officially defined as an iatrogenic extrapyramidal disorder caused by long-term administration of antipsychotic drugs. Its prevalence is still increasing, reaching an average of 30% in recent studies. However, the development of these abnormal involuntary movements may be related to neurologic processes inherent in the treated disease and high prevalence figures may be the result of artificial calculations and extremely sensitive criteria. This hypothesis that tardive dyskinesia may be in some part idiopathic is supported by historical descriptions of dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients long before neuroleptics became available and has also emerged in several recent studies, despite concurrent treatment of the patients with neuroleptics. The available data indicate that "mental disease" is by far the most important risk factor for dyskinesia, followed by age, female sex and, ultimately, antipsychotic treatment. Not surprisingly, the disorder often does not respond to neuroleptic withdrawal and may improve slowly despite ongoing treatment to prevent psychotic relapse. In the absence of a generally applicable therapy for the disease processes leading to dyskinesia, the factors that can be controlled (overestimated need for antipsychotics, routine association with anticholinergics, suboptimal psychosocial support) must remain the basis of prevention of "tardive" dyskinesia.

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“…Pryce & Edwards (1966) showed that the development of oral dyskinesia was directly related to the dosage of phenothiazines. Edwards (1970) showed that persistent oral dyskinesias in elderly women in mental hospitals were associated with a high incidence of brain damage. It is probable therefore that prolonged phenothiazine intake and leucotomy in the present case contributed to the development of chorea and dementia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%