2019
DOI: 10.1111/imj.14637
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The significance of anti‐granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor antibodies in cryptococcal infection: case series and review of antibody testing

Abstract: We report two cases of cryptococcosis, associated with anti‐granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor antibodies. We review this recently identified acquired form of autoimmune immune deficiency and discuss the potential applications of granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor antibody testing by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

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Cited by 16 publications
(11 citation statements)
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“…These infections may be secondary to PAP, the use of steroids, and/or impaired GM-CSF signaling directly compromising alveolar macrophage immunity to these pathogens ( Punatar et al, 2012 ). Since 2013, high titers of IgG (mostly IgG1) auto-Abs neutralizing 10 ng/ml GM-CSF (plasma diluted 1/10) have been found in patients with adult-onset isolated idiopathic disseminated disease mostly due to Cryptococcus spp., almost exclusively Cryptococcus gattii ( Applen Clancey et al, 2019 ; Browne et al, 2012a ; Crum-Cianflone et al, 2017 ; Demir et al, 2018 ; Huynh et al, 2020 ; Kuo et al, 2017 ; Panackal et al, 2017 ; Perrineau et al, 2020 ; Rosen et al, 2013 ; Saijo et al, 2014 ; Stevenson et al, 2019 ; Viola et al, 2021 ), Nocardia spp. ( Rosen et al, 2015 ), or more rarely, Aspergillus spp.…”
Section: Neutralizing Auto-abs Against Gm-csfmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These infections may be secondary to PAP, the use of steroids, and/or impaired GM-CSF signaling directly compromising alveolar macrophage immunity to these pathogens ( Punatar et al, 2012 ). Since 2013, high titers of IgG (mostly IgG1) auto-Abs neutralizing 10 ng/ml GM-CSF (plasma diluted 1/10) have been found in patients with adult-onset isolated idiopathic disseminated disease mostly due to Cryptococcus spp., almost exclusively Cryptococcus gattii ( Applen Clancey et al, 2019 ; Browne et al, 2012a ; Crum-Cianflone et al, 2017 ; Demir et al, 2018 ; Huynh et al, 2020 ; Kuo et al, 2017 ; Panackal et al, 2017 ; Perrineau et al, 2020 ; Rosen et al, 2013 ; Saijo et al, 2014 ; Stevenson et al, 2019 ; Viola et al, 2021 ), Nocardia spp. ( Rosen et al, 2015 ), or more rarely, Aspergillus spp.…”
Section: Neutralizing Auto-abs Against Gm-csfmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Almost every case of anti-GM-CSF-related disseminated infection in our cohort involved the CNS. The search for anti-GM-CSF antibodies is now recognized as part of the workup in "non-immunocompromised" patients with brain infection with Cryptococcus or Nocardia [40,41].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Nowadays, reports of OIs in patients with confirmed anti-GM-CSF autoantibodies with or without PAP have been increasing. 8,15,18,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Since the first documented case of anti-GM-CSF autoantibodies associated with disseminated cryptococcosis, 15 a total of 27 cases have been reported in the literature (Table 1). The median age at the time of presentation was 41 years (range 20-73 years).…”
Section: A S E Discussion and Re Vie W Of The Liter Aturementioning
confidence: 99%