The Significance and Utilisation of Biomimetic and Bioinspired Strategies in the Field of Biomedical Material Engineering: The Case of Calcium Phosphat—Protein Template Constructs
Abstract:This review provides a summary of recent research on biomimetic and bioinspired strategies applied in the field of biomedical material engineering and focusing particularly on calcium phosphate—protein template constructs inspired by biomineralisation. A description of and discussion on the biomineralisation process is followed by a general summary of the application of the biomimetic and bioinspired strategies in the fields of biomedical material engineering and regenerative medicine. Particular attention is … Show more
“…After performing the PDA layer mineralization procedure using nano-cHAp (sample S3, Figure 8), intense vibrations attributed to nanocrystalline carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite appear in the FTIR spectrum. The active and highintensity vibrations of the v 3 phosphorus−oxygen group of PO 4 3− (valence and strain vibrations of P�O and P−O bonds) in the region of 1095−1030 cm −1 , as well as ν 1 stretching vibrations of PO 4 3− around 960 cm −1 , are active and highly intense. The functionalization of nano-cHAp using the amino acid L-Arginine during the deposition of the PDA layer leads to the appearance of low-intensity features in the IR spectrum of the sample (see Figure 8, S4 spectrum) in the region vs COO-1396 cm −1 , v s NH 3 + 1540 and 1620 cm −1 .…”
In this work, we developed a technology that enables rapid deposition of biomimetic composite films onto natural enamel slices (known as biotemplates). These films are composed of polydopamine (PDA) and nanocrystalline carbonatesubstituted hydroxyapatite (nano-cHAp) that have been functionalized with amino acid L-Arginine. We utilized atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) combined with infrared (IR) synchrotron to achieve nanoscale spatial resolution for both IR absorption and topography analyses. This combined analytical modality allowed us to understand how morphology connects to local changes in the chemical environment on the biotemplate surface during the deposition of the bioinspired coating. Our findings revealed that when using the proposed technology and after the deposition of the first PDA layer, the film formed on the enamel surface nearly covers the entire surface of the specimen whose thickness is larger on the surface of the emerging enamel prisms. Calculation of the crystallinity index for the biomimetic layer showed a multiple increase compared with natural enamel. This indicates regular and dense aggregation of nano-cHAp into larger crystals, imitating the morphology of natural enamel rods. The microhardness of the formed PDA-based biomimetic layer mineralized with nano-cHAp functionalized with amino acid L-Arginine deposited on natural enamel was practically the same as that of natural enamel. The characterization of nano-cHAp-amino acid-PDA layers using IR and Raman microspectroscopy showed that L-arginine acts as a conjunction agent in the formation of mineralized biomimetic composite coatings. The uniformity of the mechanisms of PDA layer formation under different deposition conditions and substrate types allows for the formation of coatings regardless of the macro-and micromorphology of the template. Therefore, the results obtained in this work have a high potential for future clinical applications in dental practice.
“…After performing the PDA layer mineralization procedure using nano-cHAp (sample S3, Figure 8), intense vibrations attributed to nanocrystalline carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite appear in the FTIR spectrum. The active and highintensity vibrations of the v 3 phosphorus−oxygen group of PO 4 3− (valence and strain vibrations of P�O and P−O bonds) in the region of 1095−1030 cm −1 , as well as ν 1 stretching vibrations of PO 4 3− around 960 cm −1 , are active and highly intense. The functionalization of nano-cHAp using the amino acid L-Arginine during the deposition of the PDA layer leads to the appearance of low-intensity features in the IR spectrum of the sample (see Figure 8, S4 spectrum) in the region vs COO-1396 cm −1 , v s NH 3 + 1540 and 1620 cm −1 .…”
In this work, we developed a technology that enables rapid deposition of biomimetic composite films onto natural enamel slices (known as biotemplates). These films are composed of polydopamine (PDA) and nanocrystalline carbonatesubstituted hydroxyapatite (nano-cHAp) that have been functionalized with amino acid L-Arginine. We utilized atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) combined with infrared (IR) synchrotron to achieve nanoscale spatial resolution for both IR absorption and topography analyses. This combined analytical modality allowed us to understand how morphology connects to local changes in the chemical environment on the biotemplate surface during the deposition of the bioinspired coating. Our findings revealed that when using the proposed technology and after the deposition of the first PDA layer, the film formed on the enamel surface nearly covers the entire surface of the specimen whose thickness is larger on the surface of the emerging enamel prisms. Calculation of the crystallinity index for the biomimetic layer showed a multiple increase compared with natural enamel. This indicates regular and dense aggregation of nano-cHAp into larger crystals, imitating the morphology of natural enamel rods. The microhardness of the formed PDA-based biomimetic layer mineralized with nano-cHAp functionalized with amino acid L-Arginine deposited on natural enamel was practically the same as that of natural enamel. The characterization of nano-cHAp-amino acid-PDA layers using IR and Raman microspectroscopy showed that L-arginine acts as a conjunction agent in the formation of mineralized biomimetic composite coatings. The uniformity of the mechanisms of PDA layer formation under different deposition conditions and substrate types allows for the formation of coatings regardless of the macro-and micromorphology of the template. Therefore, the results obtained in this work have a high potential for future clinical applications in dental practice.
“…BAP is an idealized HA consisting of minor groups of CO 3 2− , HPO 4 2− , Na + , Mg 2+ and trace elements like Sr 2+ , K + , F − up to bio-safe ppm levels [ 274 ]. Bio-macromolecules, gelatine, polysaccharides, silk-fibroin, Dihydroxyphenylalamine (DOPA), and lysine can chelate BAP elements via non-covalent bonding like metal coordination, van-der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, and π- π interactions together with electrostatic effects [ 275 ]. Apart from molecular recognition, enzymatic mineralization and molecular crowding techniques are effectively reported for rapid mimicking of natural bone [ 276 , 277 ].…”
Section: Coatings and Their Current Statusmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, the size of HA platelets (length - 61.3 nm, width - 43.9 nm) was greater than gap-zones (i.e., 40 nm) of collagen fibrils, which may inhibit the intrafibrillar growth of HA crystals. Polymer induced liquid precursor (PILP) is an important bioinspired technique to promote such orientation of biological apatite by using various negative charged polypeptide acids which can act as PILP directing agents such as poly- l -aspartic acid (PASP), poly-allylamine hydrochloride (PAH), and poly-acrylic acid (PAA) [ 275 ]. A synergistic effect of electrostatic interaction and capillary action enabled intrafibrillar mineralization of biological apatite [ 272 ].…”
Section: Coatings and Their Current Statusmentioning
“…However, there is currently a belief in the scientific community that the damaged microstructure of natural enamel can be not only restored but also precisely copied [ 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. A prerequisite for these beliefs was the development of the strategy of biomimetic mineralization, which is based on the study of biological processes during which living organisms create materials with unique local properties from nature, as well as on the use of natural technologies to create artificial bionic structural materials [ 4 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, the biomimetic approach to the mineralization of dental tissue is not simply about “replacing” it but is simultaneously about studying the principles and mechanisms of its reconstitution [ 11 , 12 , 21 ]. Therefore, the fundamental problem and the key point in the ideal restoration of dental enamel is the search for an effective technology to duplicate the anisotropy, morphology, and optical and biomechanical properties [ 7 , 22 , 23 , 24 ] defined by the biotemplate (natural tissue).…”
In this report, we demonstrated the formation of a biomimetic mineralizing layer obtained on the surface of dental enamel (biotemplate) using bioinspired nanocrystalline carbonate-substituted calcium hydroxyapatite (ncHAp), whose physical and chemical properties are closest to the natural apatite dental matrix, together with a complex of polyfunctional organic and polar amino acids. Using a set of structural, spectroscopy, and advanced microscopy techniques, we confirmed the formation of a nanosized ncHAp-based mineralized layer, as well as studying its chemical, substructural, and morphological features by means of various methods for the pretreatment of dental enamel. The pretreatment of a biotemplate in an alkaline solution of Ca(OH)2 and an amino acid booster, together with the executed subsequent mineralization with ncHAp, led to the formation of a mineralized layer with homogeneous micromorphology and the preferential orientation of the ncHAp nanocrystals. It was shown that the homogeneous crystallization of hydroxyapatite on the biotemplate surface and binding of individual nanocrystals and agglomerates into a single complex by an amino acid booster resulted in an increase (~15%) in the nanohardness value in the enamel rods area, compared to that of healthy natural enamel. Obtaining a similar hierarchy and cleavage characteristics as natural enamel in the mineralized layer, taking into account the micromorphological features of dental tissue, is an urgent problem for future research.
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