The Shutdown Dissociation Scale (Shut-D)

Schalinski, Inga; Schauer, Maggie; Elbert, Thomas

doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.25652

Cited by 45 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“… Dissociation measures: Dissociative Experience Scale (DES; [English version]; [German version]; [Korean version]; [Turkish version]), Dissociative Experience Scale‐II (DES‐II; [English version]; [Spanish version]), Dissociative Experience Scale‐Taxon (DES‐T; ), Multidimensional Inventory Scale (MID; ), Shutdown Dissociation Scale (Shut‐D; ), Trauma Symptom Inventory Scale (TSI; ). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between childhood adversities and dissociation in severe mental illness: a meta‐analytic review

Rafiq

Campodonico

Varese

2018

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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The relationship between childhood adversities and dissociation in severe mental illness: a meta-analytic review Rafiq S, Campodonico C, Varese F. The relationship between childhood adversities and dissociation in severe mental illness: a metaanalytic review Objective: Several studies have observed that dissociative experiences are frequently reported by individuals with severe mental illness (SMI), especially amongst patients that report a history of adverse/traumatic life experiences. This review examined the magnitude and consistency of the relationship between childhood adversity (sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, bullying, natural disasters and mass violence) and dissociation across three SMI diagnostic groups: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and personality disorders. Method: A database search (EMBASE, PubMed and PsycINFO) identified 30 eligible empirical studies, comprising of 2199 clinical participants. Effect sizes representing the relationship between exposure to childhood adversity and dissociation were examined and integrated using a random-effects meta-analysis. Results: The results indicated that exposure to childhood trauma was associated with heightened dissociation across SMIs. Positive significant associations were also found between specific childhood adversities and dissociation, with aggregated effect sizes in the small-to-moderate range. Conclusion: These findings support calls for the routine assessment of traumatic experiences in clients with SMIs presenting with dissociative symptoms and the provision of adequate therapeutic support (e.g. trauma-focused therapies) to manage and resolve these difficulties. Summations• Small-to-moderate relationship between childhood trauma and dissociation across SMIs. • Medium relationship between childhood trauma and dissociation in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.• All forms of childhood traumatic experiences (e.g. sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect) were found to be associated with dissociation in people diagnosed with SMI. Considerations• Only three studies were found eligible for the bipolar sample (i.e. low power); therefore, no strong conclusions can be drawn regarding the association between childhood trauma and dissociative experiences in bipolar disorder.• The relationship between childhood trauma and dissociation in SMI requires further corroboration using longitudinal designs to determine causality and directionality.• No firm conclusions can be drawn regarding which specific traumatic experience is most strongly associated with dissociation, as the studies included in the analysis were not independent (i.e. effects for sexual abuse and physical abuse estimated from the same sample of participants). 509Acta Psychiatr Scand 2018: 138: 509-525

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between childhood adversities and dissociation in severe mental illness: a meta‐analytic review

Rafiq

Campodonico

Varese

2018

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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“…32 Critically, dissociation is thought to increase alongside parasympathetic activity as an organism progresses through the cascade, from active to passive responses. 5,33,34 Here, dissociation serves a highly adaptive purpose in TI: an individual may endure unremitting threat, and injury, by becoming unresponsive to the environment. 4,35 Measures of Post-Traumatic TI Current measures assessing peri-traumatic TI 6,36 do not assess responses that continue to occur post-traumatically outside the context of an acute traumatic incident.…”

Section: Tonic Immobilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Shutdown Dissociation Scale (Shut-D) 33 represents the first theoretically derived measure to focus on post-traumatic ''shut down'' symptomatology within a dissociative framework. The Shut-D assesses dissociative symptoms thought to occur alongside parasympathetic dominance (''shut down'') during late-stage defense responding.…”

Section: Tonic Immobilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Post-Traumatic Tonic Immobility Responses: The Scale for Tonic Immobility Occurring Post-Trauma

et al. 2019

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Background: Peri-traumatic tonic immobility has been associated with the development and course of post-traumatic stress disorder. Despite serving as an adaptive late-stage defense response, tonic immobility that continues in response to posttraumatic reminders may lead to reduced functioning and a diminished sense of well-being. At present, no validated selfreport measures assess post-traumatic tonic immobility responses specifically. Methods: The primary objective of the present study was to evaluate the Scale for Tonic immobility Occurring Post-trauma (STOP), the first self-report measure developed to assess for the presence and severity of tonic immobility responses that persist following trauma exposure as part of post-traumatic symptomatology. Trauma-exposed clinical and non-clinical participants (N ¼ 462) with a history of tonic immobility completed a demographic questionnaire, the STOP, and measures of post-traumatic symptoms, dissociation, anxiety, and depression. Results: STOP assessed four latent constructs, which were interpreted following the human defense cascade model. Together, these factors capture the sensorimotor and perceptual alterations, and dissociative experiences, associated with post-traumatic tonic immobility as a trauma-related altered state. Residual symptoms and the experience of negative affect following this response (including guilt and shame) are also represented. STOP scores demonstrated excellent reliability, as well as good construct and convergent validity, with other measures of dissociation and post-traumatic stress disorder. Results from the present study suggest tonic immobility is most consistent with other dissociative post-traumatic symptomatology. Conclusions: STOP demonstrates excellent preliminary psychometric properties and may be useful for researchers and clinicians wishing to assess chronic forms of tonic immobility across trauma-exposed, clinical and community samples.

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“…For instance, when confronted with an imminent life-threat for which flight-or-fight is no longer an option to counter danger, the organism may shift to immobility. To escape the threatening situation as well as the internal distress and arousal, the response of “shutdown dissociation” may be adaptive for survival (Schalinski et al, 2015) leading to freezing or submission.…”

Section: Psychological Survival By Mental Avoidance: the Vicious Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Parallel-Distinct Structures of Internal World and External Reality: Disavowing and Re-Claiming the Self-Identity in the Aftermath of Trauma-Generated Dissociation

Şar

2017

Front. Psychol.

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The nature of consciousness and the autonomy of the individual's mind have been a focus of interest throughout the past century and inspired many theories and models. Revival of studies on psychological trauma and dissociation, which remained outside mainstream psychiatry, psychology, and psychoanalysis for the most part of the past century, has provided a new opportunity to revisit this intellectual and scientific endeavor. This paper attempts to integrate a series of empirical and theoretical studies on psychological consequences of developmental traumatization, which may yield further insight into factors which threaten the integrity of human consciousness. The paper proposes that an individual's experience of distorted reality and betrayal precipitates a cyclical dynamic between the individual and the external world by disrupting the developmental function of mutuality which is essential for maintenance of the integrity of the internal world while this inner world is in turn regulated vis-à-vis external reality. Dissociation -the common factor in all types of post-traumatic syndromes- is facilitated by violation of boundaries by relational omission and intrusion as represented by distinct effects and consequences of childhood neglect and abuse. Recent research conducted on clinical and non-clinical populations shows both bimodal (undermodulation and overmodulation) and bipolar (intrusion and avoidance) neurobiological and phenomenological characteristics of post-traumatic response. These seem to reflect “parallel-distinct structures” that control separate networks covering sensori-motor and cognitive-emotional systems. This understanding provides a conceptual framework to assist explanation of diverse post-traumatic mental trajectories which culminate in a common final pathway comprised of partly overlapping clinical syndromes such as complex PTSD, dissociative depression, dissociative identity disorder (DID), or “borderline” phenomena. Of crucial theoretical and clinical importance is that these maladaptive post-traumatic psychological formations are regarded as processes in their own right rather than as a personality disorder innate to the individual. Such mental division may perform in that internal detachment can serve to preserve the genuine aspects of the subject until such time as they can be reclaimed via psychotherapy. The paper attempts to integrate these ideas with reference to the previously proposed theory of the “Functional Dissociation of Self” (Şar and Öztürk, 2007).

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The Shutdown Dissociation Scale (Shut-D)

Cited by 45 publications

References 57 publications

The relationship between childhood adversities and dissociation in severe mental illness: a meta‐analytic review

The relationship between childhood adversities and dissociation in severe mental illness: a meta‐analytic review

Assessing Post-Traumatic Tonic Immobility Responses: The Scale for Tonic Immobility Occurring Post-Trauma

Parallel-Distinct Structures of Internal World and External Reality: Disavowing and Re-Claiming the Self-Identity in the Aftermath of Trauma-Generated Dissociation

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