The short and intricate life of the suspensor

Downs, Jacob

doi:10.1111/ppl.13057

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…This implies that the suspensor plays a passive role in the development of the embryo. Focused research activities in the 1970s provided strong evidence that suspensors play essential roles during early embryo development in flowering plants (Yeung and Meinke 1993;Kawashima and Goldberg 2010;Downs and Jones 2020).…”

Section: The Suspensormentioning

confidence: 99%

The orchid embryo — “an embryonic protocorm”

Yeung

2022

Botany

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Orchid embryo development is unusual among flowering plants with many distinctive characteristics. This review highlights the unique features of orchid embryos. After fertilization, the polarity is established in the zygote before its first asymmetric division. In species such as Epidendrum ibaguense, the zygote elongates before the first asymmetric division, while others such as Cymbidium sinense divide without an apparent cell elongation phase. An obvious structural polarity with a prominent vacuole at the micropylar end is not necessarily present in orchid zygotes. The suspensor is derived from the basal cell of a two-celled embryo, and varied morphologies can be found. The suspensor functions in nutrient uptake and can have a morphogenetic role to play in embryo proper development. For embryos without an expanded suspensor, nutrients have to be acquired directly through their surface. The embryo proper develops from the terminal cell of a two-celled embryo. It undergoes a limited number of cell divisions resulting in a tiny embryo with a protocorm body plan. Despite their simple structural organization, orchid embryos have developmental programs as complex as other flowering plants. The ultimate goal of embryo development is to generate a protocorm body plan ready for germination.

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Section: The Suspensormentioning

confidence: 99%

The orchid embryo — “an embryonic protocorm”

Yeung

2022

Botany

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“…The suspensor is a transient structure that supports the developing embryo. Interestingly, suspensor cells have greater developmental potential and can express EP programs, up to forming viable embryos, when there are defects in the EP (reviewed in [ 48 ]).…”

Section: Morphogenesis In Arabidopsismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The suspensor has a broader developmental potential that is restricted by the EP. Many studies where the EP is ablated, either physically or by a genetic defect, found that cells in the suspensor can take on EP characteristics up to forming viable embryos as in the twin mutants (reviewed in [ 48 ]). More recently, Liu et al [ 86 ], used in vivo living cell laser ablation to remove the EP from the S within the developing seed and found that if performed at the globular stage or earlier, the top-most suspensor cell accumulated auxin and formed a new embryo.…”

Section: Morphogenesis In Arabidopsismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The suspensor has a broader developmental potential that is restricted by the EP. Many studies where the EP is ablated, either physically or by a genetic defect, found that cells in the suspensor can take on EP characteristics up to forming viable embryos as in the twin mutants (reviewed in [48]). More recently, Liu et al [86], The mature egg cell is polarized (not shown) but after fertilization undergoes a more symmetric stage.…”

Section: Auxin and Early Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic activity during early plant embryogenesis

Tian

Paul

Joshi

et al. 2020

Biochemical Journal

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Seeds are essential for human civilization, so understanding the molecular events underpinning seed development and the zygotic embryo it contains is important. In addition, the approach of somatic embryogenesis is a critical propagation and regeneration strategy to increase desirable genotypes, to develop new genetically modified plants to meet agricultural challenges, and at a basic science level, to test gene function. We briefly review some of the transcription factors (TFs) involved in establishing primary and apical meristems during zygotic embryogenesis, as well as TFs necessary and/or sufficient to drive somatic embryo programs. We focus on the model plant Arabidopsis for which many tools are available, and review as well as speculate about comparisons and contrasts between zygotic and somatic embryo processes.

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“…Rolletschek et al ., 2021). Thus, except for limited movement through the transient suspensor (Downs & Jones, 2020), most sugars likely reach embryos by membrane transfer into, and from, coenocytic endosperms (Fig. 1cii).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sugar loading of crop seeds – a partnership of phloem, plasmodesmal and membrane transport

2023

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Summary Sugar loading of developing seeds comprises a cohort of transport events that contribute to reproductive success and seed yield. Understanding these events is most advanced for grain crops (Brassicaceae, Fabaceae and Gramineae) and Arabidopsis. For these species, 75–80% of their final seed biomass is derived from phloem‐imported sucrose. Sugar loading consecutively traverses three genomically distinct, and symplasmically isolated, seed domains: maternal pericarp/seed coat, filial endosperm and filial embryo. Sink status of each domain co‐ordinately transitions from growth to storage. The latter is dominated by embryos (Brassicaceae and Fabaceae) or endosperms (Gramineae). Intradomain sugar transport occurs symplasmically through plasmodesmata. Interdomain sugar transport relies on plasma‐membrane transporters operating in efflux (maternal and endosperm) or influx (endosperm and embryo) modes. Discussed is substantial progress made in identifying, and functionally evaluating, sugar symporters (STPs, SUTs or SUCs) and uniporters (SWEETs). These findings have underpinned a mechanistic understanding of seed loading. Less well researched are possible physical limitations imposed by hydraulic conductivities of differentiating protophloem and of subsequent plasmodesmal transport. The latter is coupled with sugar homeostasis within each domain mediated by sugar transporters. A similar conclusion is ascribed to fragmentary understanding of regulatory mechanisms integrating transport events with seed growth and storage.

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The short and intricate life of the suspensor

Cited by 8 publications

References 91 publications

The orchid embryo — “an embryonic protocorm”

The orchid embryo — “an embryonic protocorm”

Genetic activity during early plant embryogenesis

Sugar loading of crop seeds – a partnership of phloem, plasmodesmal and membrane transport

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