The shape of the human lumbar vertebral canal

Zarzur, Edmundo

doi:10.1590/s0004-282x1996000300014

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The change in relative error seems to suggest that the shape of the spinal canal changes from L1 to L5 as it moves caudally. This conclusion demonstrated by the approximations is consistent with current literature [ 10 ]. The lowest error of any of the approximations was the ellipse shape in L1.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…As could be predicted based on previous literature, the approximation of the ellipse most accurately replicated the area of the spinal canal [10]. This approximation consistently overestimated the area of the spinal canal which was similar to the rectangle approximation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…The shapes used for approximation were chosen for two reasons. Firstly, due to literature that previously described the shape of the spinal canal [ 10 ]. Secondly, shapes that could consistently overestimate area or underestimate area in the hope of investigating a second-order approximation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Applications of Interpedicular Distance and Anteroposterior Diameter in the Approximation of the Spinal Canal Area

Brandt,

Razzouk,

Nguyen

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Introduction: Advancements within the field of medicine revolve around increasing the efficiency of diagnosing and subsequently treating patients. One such advancement is measurements of the central canal using artificial intelligence (AI). The authors propose the possibility of AI measuring two linear distances followed by a subsequent approximation via an area equation. The lumbar spinal canal was approximated by an area calculation using the interpedicular distance (IPD) and anteroposterior diameter (AP diameter). The three shapes evaluated were an ellipse, triangle, and rectangle. Methods: IPD, AP diameter, and spinal canal area from L1-L5 were measured in 555 patients using the IMPAX6 (Mortsel, Belgium: Agfa-Gevaert) picture archiving and communication system. Subsequently, an approximated area of the lumbar spinal canal, assuming an ellipse shape, was calculated using ellipse equation/approximation. Triangular and rectangular approximations were done using triangle equation/approximation and rectangle equation/approximation, respectively. The equations used are the geometric equations for the area of each shape described. For example, the triangular approximation used the IPD as the base of the triangle and the AP diameter as the height. Thus, the area approximation was calculated by half of the IPD times the AP diameter. Results: The percent error of the ellipse approximation was the lowest with a range of error from 8.44% at L1 to 15.51% at L5. The triangle approximation again was the second most accurate with a range of error starting at -26.46% at L5 to -30.96% at L1. Lastly, the percentage errors of the rectangle approximation began at 38.07% at L1 to 47.07% at L5. The ellipse and rectangle approximation consistently overestimated the area of the spinal canal, while the opposite was true for the triangle approximation. A combination of these approximations could be used to construct a second-order approximation. The approximations were all highly correlated with the authors’ manual measurements. Approximations at the L2 vertebrae were highest with a correlation of 0.934 closely followed by all approximations at L5 with a value of 0.931. Approximations were least correlated with the L4 vertebrae with a value of 0.905. Conclusion: The correlation between the approximation equations and the measured values is significantly related. The ellipse equation best predicted the area of the spinal canal followed by the triangle and then the rectangle approximation. The percent error difference of the ellipse approximation at L1 was similar in error compared to other causes of measurement error. Continued investigation into a second-order approximation may yield a more accurate approximation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

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Applications of Interpedicular Distance and Anteroposterior Diameter in the Approximation of the Spinal Canal Area

Brandt,

Razzouk,

Nguyen

et al. 2023

Cureus

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show abstract

“…Geisser et al 12 and Zarzur 17 have stressed the fact that the shape of the human lumbar vertebral canal is not exclusively triangular and it varies at different levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They have also pointed out that some patients could be born with vertebral canal stenosis (congenital stenosis), but the majority of cases are acquired. Geisser et al 12 and Zarzur 17 have stressed the fact that the shape of the human lumbar vertebral canal is not exclusively triangular and it varies at different levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lumbar vertebral canal stenosis: concept of morphometric and radiometric study of the human lumbar vertebral canal

El-Rakhawy¹

2010

Anatomy

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Objectives: Vertebral canal stenosis has attracted the attention of anatomists and clinician as an important structural change with significant radiological and clinical implications. Narrowing of all diameters of the vertebral foramen with age could be responsible as a factor which might produce back pain. The aim of the present study was to estimate the averages anatomical changes in the transverse and anteroposterior diameters of the lumbar vertebral canal in Egyptian population to establish a clue to the underlying some causes of the low-back pain of unknown etiology. Methods:The present study investigated the lumbar part of the vertebral column of 20 adult skeletons and 200 plain Xrays of normal living subjects (100 males and 100 females) for both morphometric and radiometric analyses. Results:The mean width of the body of vertebrae showed gradual increase with the exception at L4 in dry bones. In addition, the mean width and depth of the vertebral foramina showed a gradual increase with the exception of L3 in dry bones. The study recorded a positive relationship between the mean width of the vertebral foramen and that of the body. The mean vertebral foramen width/body ratio was 0.6 except at L3 and L5 where the ratio was 0.5. Conclusion:The present study has shown a narrower depth of the lumbar vertebral canal in Egyptian population. L3 remains the center point for transition in the dimensions and hence more susceptible to stenosis and spinal nerve compression. This study has also shown that the ratio between the width of body and foramen of lumbar vertebrae remains constant. By this ratio it may be possible to predict any lumbar vertebral anomalies or vertebral canal stenoses and to give some explanation about low-back pain of unknown etiology.

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The posterior epidural space depth

Zarzur¹

1998

Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine

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The shape of the human lumbar vertebral canal

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

Applications of Interpedicular Distance and Anteroposterior Diameter in the Approximation of the Spinal Canal Area

Applications of Interpedicular Distance and Anteroposterior Diameter in the Approximation of the Spinal Canal Area

Lumbar vertebral canal stenosis: concept of morphometric and radiometric study of the human lumbar vertebral canal

The posterior epidural space depth

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