The Severity of Dental Fluorosis in Children Exposed to Water with a High Fluoride Content for Various Periods of Time

Abstract

Inhabitants of the Ikeno district of Japan were accidentally exposed to drinking water containing 7.8 ppm fluoride (F) for 12 years, after which water with 0.2 ppm F was substituted. Dental examinations of local inhabitants revealed that only children aged seven years or less at the introduction or aged 11 months or more at the removal of the high-F water had fluorosis. Regular inspections were made of the 86 children between those age limits. The severity of fluorosis in three tooth types (first permanent molars, upper central incisors, and first premolars) was assessed and related to the period of use of the high-F water. Continuous exposure throughout tooth development resulted in severe changes in all three tooth types. With limited exposure, the age at the beginning and at the end was an important factor in determining the severity of the fluorosis. The pattern of change from normal to severe fluorosis differed in the three tooth types, influenced by their respective times of formation. Two 'at-risk' periods for the production of moderate or severe fluorosis were evident. One started at birth and ended early in tooth development, while the other started later and ended at eruption. The duration of F exposure, although determining the initial degree of fluorosis, did not influence the rate of post-eruptive enamel loss.

Evaluation of the total fluoride intake of 4-7-year-old children from diet and dentifrice

“…However, it is known that the earliest clinical sign of chronic excessive ingestion of F by young children is dental fluorosis, the prevalence of which has been increasing in the last half of the twentieth century 6 . The critical period of exposure for all permanent teeth is between 11 months and 7 years of age 10 . Excessive F intake by peoples older than 7 years will not cause dental fluorosis.…”

Assessment of Dental Fluorosis in Children of Jaipur District, Rajasthan, India

“…Our study finding data show the DF cases are higher in the Jamwa Ramgarh block as compare to Amber block. Many studies in the past have proved the direct link between the concentration of fluoride in source of drinking water and degree of dental fluorosis in the many communities and countries [29][30][31][32].…”

Dişsel Florozisi Olan Çocukların Yüz Gelişiminin Björk Analizi İle İncelenmesi

“…Skeletal and dental fluorosis may be one of the environmental factors that can effect facial prognatism (26). As "the growth in length of the mandible in man occurs essentially at the condyles"; and the possible effect of fluorosis on temporomandibular joint is a matter of dispute, we decided to investigate its effect on facial development by using Björk's growth analysis (15).…”

“…‹skeletsel ve diflsel florozis yüz prognatisini etkileyebilecek çevresel faktörlerden biri olabilir (26). Mandibular büyüme esas olarak kondil'de gerçekleflti¤inden ve florozisin temporomandibular eklemi etkilemesi tart›fl-ma konusu oldu¤undan, biz de bu bireylerde yüz geliflimini Björk geliflim analizi ile incelemeye karar verdik.…”