The Serengeti Lion

Schaller, George B.

doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226736600.001.0001

Cited by 340 publications

(587 citation statements)

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“…Mammoth survived to ca 6.6 cal ka BP on St. Paul Island in the Bering Sea (Guthrie, 2004;Veltre et al, 2008) and to ca 4 cal ka BP on Wrangel Island in northern Siberia (Vartanyan et al, 2008). B. priscus underwent phylogenetic extinction, and its descendants survive in Eurasia and North America (Shapiro et al, 2004;Wilson et al, 2008). Both saiga antelope and caballine horses survive today in Asia.…”

Section: What Caused Megafaunal Extinctions On the North Slope?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a study that pioneered the use of ancient DNA to infer the causes of Pleistocene extinction at high latitudes, Shapiro et al (2004) correlated megafaunal population sizes with genetic diversity in dated bones and concluded that B. priscus underwent marked population fluctuations at high latitudes before humans were present there. From this they concluded environmental changes were more important than human impacts in causing extinctions.…”

Section: Background: End-pleistocene Extinctions On the Mammoth Steppementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on these estimates, biomass during the ice age was approximately 8800 kg/km 2 , which was about 30Â greater than today (Table 1). In comparison, grassland and savannah ecosystems in East and Central Africa in recent times have supported megafaunal biomasses ranging from 4000 to 20,000 kg/km 2 (Kruuk, 1972;Schaller, 1972;Coe et al, 1976;Redmann, 1982).…”

Section: How Many Megafauna Were There?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ice-age megafauna in Arctic Alaska: extinction, invasion, survival

Mann

Groves

Kunz

et al. 2013

Quaternary Science Reviews

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Groves, Pamela; Kunz, Michael L.; Reanier, Richard E.; and Gaglioti, Benjamin V., "Ice-age megafauna in Arctic Alaska: extinction, invasion, survival" (2013 a b s t r a c tRadical restructuring of the terrestrial, large mammal fauna living in arctic Alaska occurred between 14,000 and 10,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age. Steppe bison, horse, and woolly mammoth became extinct, moose and humans invaded, while muskox and caribou persisted. The ice age megafauna was more diverse in species and possibly contained 6Â more individual animals than live in the region today. Megafaunal biomass during the last ice age may have been 30Â greater than present. Horse was the dominant species in terms of number of individuals. Lions, short-faced bears, wolves, and possibly grizzly bears comprised the predator/scavenger guild. The youngest mammoth so far discovered lived ca 13,800 years ago, while horses and bison persisted on the North Slope until at least 12,500 years ago during the Younger Dryas cold interval. The first people arrived on the North Slope ca 13,500 years ago. Bone-isotope measurements and foot-loading characteristics suggest megafaunal niches were segregated along a moisture gradient, with the surviving species (muskox and caribou) utilizing the warmer and moister portions of the vegetation mosaic. As the ice age ended, the moisture gradient shifted and eliminated habitats utilized by the dryland, grazing species (bison, horse, mammoth). The proximate cause for this change was regional paludification, the spread of organic soil horizons and peat. End-Pleistocene extinctions in arctic Alaska represent local, not global extinctions since the megafaunal species lost there persisted to later times elsewhere. Hunting seems unlikely as the cause of these extinctions, but it cannot be ruled out as the final blow to megafaunal populations that were already functionally extinct by the time humans arrived in the region.

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Section: What Caused Megafaunal Extinctions On the North Slope?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Background: End-pleistocene Extinctions On the Mammoth Steppementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: How Many Megafauna Were There?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ice-age megafauna in Arctic Alaska: extinction, invasion, survival

Mann

Groves

Kunz

et al. 2013

Quaternary Science Reviews

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“…Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the prey selection by competitor predators. The hypotheses pertain to ultimate causal factor such as energetic benefits and costs involved (Kruuk 1972;Schaller 1972;Griffiths 1975;Stephens & Krebs 1986) and seem to be affected by the change in development prey predator assemblages due to recent extinctions and simultaneous human predation on prey and predator species (Karanth & Sunquist 1995). However, both of these factors were observed to happen in the present study area (Sankar et al 2005), it is expected that the prey-predator relations and the intra-guild competition between large predators in terms of food will get balanced after the reintroduction of tiger in the study area.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prey selection, food habits and dietary overlap between leopardPanthera pardus(Mammalia: Carnivora) and re-introduced tigerPanthera tigris(Mammalia: Carnivora) in a semi-arid forest of Sariska Tiger Reserve, Western India

Mondal

Gupta

Bhattacharjee

et al. 2012

Italian Journal of Zoology

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After the extermination of tigers in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Western India in 2004, three tigers were re-introduced in Sariska during [2008][2009]. The present study examined the prey selection and dietary overlap between leopard and tiger after re-introduction of tiger in the study area. Scat analysis revealed the presence of nine prey species in leopard scat (n = 90 scats) and five prey species in tiger scats (n = 103 scats). Percentage frequency of occurrence of sambar (45.5%) was found to be the highest followed by chital (15.2%) > nilgai (8.9%) > cattle (7.1%) > common langur (6.3%) > peafowl (6.3%) > rodent (5.4%) > wild pig (2.7%) and hare (2.7%) in leopard diet. In the diet of tiger, sambar contributed maximum (41.7%) followed by chital (26.2%), cattle (19.4%), nilgai (10.7%) and common langur (1.9%). The present study revealed that both the predator utilized and preferred prey species in similar way, though there was difference in selection of prey species in terms of sex and age class as observed by kill records. The dietary overlap between leopard and tiger was found to be 94%. The results suggested considerable overlap between the two carnivores along diet axis.

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“…Lovegrove and Wissel (1988) posited that solitary foraging by specialist feeders such as bathyergids in areas where geophyte densities are low (often arid regions) is uncommon as the risk of unproductive foraging is high. This was based on the concept that increased foraging efficiency often results in increased fitness of individuals within foraging groups of animals ranging from herbivorous (Jarman, 1974), omnivorous (Crook, 1972) and carnivorous mammals (Schaller, 1972) through to birds (Cody, 1971;Krebs, 1974).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burrow architecture of the Damaraland mole-rat (Fukomys damarensis) from South Africa

2016

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The burrow architecture (length, internal dimensions, fractal dimension of tunnel systems, number of nesting chambers and surface mounds) was investigated in the Damaraland mole-rat (Fukomys damarensis). A total of 31 animals were caught from five different colonies and their burrow systems were excavated in their entirety. The mean and SD colony size was 6 ± 3.3, with a range of 2-10 mole-rats. The sex ratio was male biased 1.21:1. Males had a body mass of 80.5 ± 33.8g, but were not significantly different to those of females which had a mean body mass of 83.4 ± 24.9g. The burrow system of the Damaraland mole-rats follows the same general architectural plan as recorded for other species of mole-rat with either one or two more centrally based deeper more permanent burrows which often connect to a nest area, which is used for resting and rearing offspring. The burrow systems contained several more superficial secondary tunnels at a shallower depth. The secondary tunnels accounted for up to 80% of the total burrow 1 system. The mean length of the burrow system was 130.4m and covered an area of 1403m². The mean number of secondary branches in a burrow system was 10. The mean fractal dimension was 1.154 which implies the mole-rats do not explore their surrounding environment particularly efficiently when compared to that of other mole-rat species, but this may relate to the size of the main food resource, the Eland bean (Elephantorrhiza elephantina) which is randomly distributed and fed on in situ. Our study showed that colony size influences the size and complexity of the burrow system with larger colonies having a longer burrow system covering a greater area with more secondary tunnels than that of smaller colonies.

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The Serengeti Lion

Cited by 340 publications

References 0 publications

Ice-age megafauna in Arctic Alaska: extinction, invasion, survival

Ice-age megafauna in Arctic Alaska: extinction, invasion, survival

Prey selection, food habits and dietary overlap between leopardPanthera pardus(Mammalia: Carnivora) and re-introduced tigerPanthera tigris(Mammalia: Carnivora) in a semi-arid forest of Sariska Tiger Reserve, Western India

Burrow architecture of the Damaraland mole-rat (Fukomys damarensis) from South Africa

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