“…12,13 UTRs have been mostly studied in RNA viruses, such as HIVs, 7,10,14,15 coronaviruses, [16][17][18] dengue, 11,12,19,20 zika 21 and other aviviruses 22 and, in every studied case, functional involvement of the UTR has been shown in either initiation of replication 16,19 (by recruiting proteins or by direct interaction with the ribosome) or regulation of the replication cycle. The most studied example is the retrovirus HIV-1 which contains a bulge in the rst stem loop of the 5 0 UTR of its RNA genome, [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] the structure and dynamics of which are crucial for initiation of viral replication. Similar bulges are found in UTRs of other RNA viruses including coronaviruses and SARS-COV-2.…”