The sensory innervation of the spinal accessory and tongue musculature in the rabbit

Yee, James; Harrison, Frank; Corbin, Kendall B.

doi:10.1002/cne.900700210

Cited by 27 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…The neck pain faded away over a period of 30 seconds. The attacks recurred every three months until the age of 13 In carotid insufficiency one half of the tongue may become numb as part of hemianaesthesia of the face' but does not occur on its own. For these reasons and the fact that, in our patients, numbness of half of the tongue appeared at the same moment as numbness of the ipsilateral neck or occiput, it is not possible to invoke vascular occlusion by neck rotation as a mechanism, and one must seek a direct neural connection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neck-tongue syndrome on sudden turning of the head.

Lance¹,

Anthony²

1980

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

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NAq 1980 SUMMARY A syndrome of unilateral upper nuchal or occipital pain, with or without numbness in these areas, accompanied by simultaneous ipsilateral numbness of the tongue is explicable by compression of the second cervical root in the atlantoaxial space on sharp rotation of the neck. Afferent fibres from the lingual nerve travelling via the hypoglossal nerve to the second cervical root provide a plausible anatomical explanation for compression of that root causing numbness of half the tongue. Four .Accepted 9 July 1979 swing in the midfrontal region and had lacerated his forehead. Shortly afterwards he complained of numbness of the right half of the tongue as well as numbness and weakness of the right hand. The numbness persisted for about an hour but the hand remained clumsy for several days. As far as he could recall, this early episode was not associated with headache.Ever since then he had been subject to a sharp pain in the upper neck on the right side on sudden rotation of the neck, most commonly to the left but sometimes to the right. Simultaneously he noticed numbness of the right side of the tongue (but nol the face, cheeks or lips) and of the right little and ring fingers, which lasted for a few seconds only. The neck pain faded away over a period of 30 seconds. The attacks recurred every three months until the age of 13 years, since when the frequency reduced to once or twice each year. On three occasions during his school days he experienced severe neck pain for a few days after turning a somersault. He On other occasions, when he was sitting in a relaxed posture, his head "fell back" on the neck so that his face was looking partly upwards and to the right. This displacement of the head occurred suddenly with a click that he could feel but not hear. The neck felt uncomfrom side to side to free himself from this unpleasant sensation. These episodes took place about twice a day. Once in two or three months backward displacement of the head was fortable until he flexed it and turned his head James W Lance and Michael Anthony associated with tingling in the fingers of the left hand lasting for less than a second.The neck moved freely in all directions without crepitus, and full examination of the nervous and other systems was completely normal. Radiography of the cervical spine, including tomography of the upper vertebrae, was completely normal.CASE 4 A girl aged 15 years began to experience pains in the left side of the upper neck on suddenly turning her head to the left when she was 12 years old. The pains lasted for about one minute at a time and had no accompaniments. Nine months after the onset similar movements of the head induced pain associated with numbness of the upper part of the neck and the mastoid area on the left side and numbness of the left side of the tongue. The pain continued to be short-lived but the numbness of the neck and tongue would last for three to five minutes. The attacks of pain and numbness were brought on by turning the head to the left and relieved by ei...

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confidence: 99%

Neck-tongue syndrome on sudden turning of the head.

Lance¹,

Anthony²

1980

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

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“…3,[11][12][13] These afferent fibres have previously been thought to be merely proprioceptive in function. 14 We have shown that the spinal accessory nerve in man is not a purely motor nerve. It appears to have within it nonproprioceptive sensory and nociceptive fibres.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…These cells were seen to undergo retrograde changes after section of the nerve. He also refers to the presence of sensory fibres in the spinal nerves which join the spinal accessory nerve, and cites the physiological experiments by Yee et al 14 which implied that these fibres were proprioceptive in nature. Finally, it is of note that recent research in adult rats has identified sensory nerve fibres and ganglia consistently associated with the spinal accessory nerve in adults which provide a nociceptive function.…”

Section: Sensory Pathways In the Spinal Accessory Nervementioning

confidence: 99%

Sensory pathways in the spinal accessory nerve

Bremner-Smith

Unwin

Williams

1999

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume

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We obtained samples of spinal accessory nerve from patients undergoing radical surgery for tumours or nerve grafting in the neck. These were analysed by light and electron microscopy for the type of fibre. All contained fibres consistent with non-proprioceptive sensory function including pain.J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1999;81-B:226-8. Received 8 April 1998; Accepted after revision 6 August 1998 The spinal accessory nerve is regarded as being purely motor in function. This is the description given in standard anatomical and surgical texts.1-4 It is said not to contain nociceptive fibres. Our aim was to confirm or refute this statement and to investigate the type of fibre within the nerve. Pain is associated with iatrogenic injury to the nerve. It is thought to be due to mechanical drooping of the shoulder and a traction neuritis of parts of the brachial plexus.2-5 We suspected that the pain might originate from the cut nerve itself. Patients and MethodsWe used four samples of the spinal accessory nerve. Three were obtained from patients undergoing radical surgery for carcinoma in the neck and one from a patient having a nerve graft after injury to the brachial plexus. Three patients were adult men aged 53, 58 and 28 years. The fourth was a woman aged 56 years. Three samples were taken from the left side of the neck and one from the right at three different points along the course of the nerve. An upper section was taken at the exit from the jugular foramen, two middle sections from adjacent to the sternocleidomastoid and a lower section from the distal region of the posterior triangle of the neck just before the nerve entered the trapezius. On removal, the nerve biopsies were immediately immersed in a cold fixative of 2% paraformaldehyde and 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) and were left overnight at 4°C. The tissue was trimmed and postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide in 0.1M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) for one hour at 4°C. It was then dehydrated with absolute alcohol, cleared in propylene oxide and embedded in TAAB epoxy resin.Semi-thin sections (1 to 2 µm) were cut on a microtome with a glass knife and stained with Toluidine Blue in borax for light-microscopic examination. Ultrathin sections (80 nm) were prepared with an ultramicrotome and mounted on 200 mesh copper grids. The sections were contrasted with 1% aqueous uranyl acetate and lead citrate and examined with a Philips CM10 transmission electron microscope. On-line measurements were determined using a closed-circuit television system linked to the electron microscope. The package included software which allowed the morphometry of live images after suitable calibration.Each nerve sample was analysed for the size and number of nerve fibres and the presence or absence of myelin. Three small squares on the calibration grid of the electron microscope were randomly selected and analysed in this way for each sample.The histological findings were compared with the standard classification of peripheral nerve fibres.

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“…According to WEDDELL et al (1940), sympathetic fibers run in the hypoglossal nerve to reach the blood vessels of the tongue in the rat, but the existence of such fibers were denied in the dog by TARKHAN and ABOU-EL-NAGA (1947). Although hypoglossal afferents ascending from the upper cervical roots have been described in the hedgehog ( VAN DER SPRENKEL, 1924), monkey (CORBIN et al, 1937;CORBIN and HARRISON, 1939) and rabbit (YEE et al, 1939;BOYD, 1941), the cervical roots do not contribute to the hypoglossal nerve fibers in the cat (HINSEY and CORBIN, 1934;CORBIN and HARRISON, 1938;DOWNMAN, 1939) and dog (TARKHAN and ABOU-EL-NAGA, 1947). On the other hand, the presence of sensory ganglion cells along the hypoglossal roots or trunk has been reported in the cat (LANGWORTHY, 1924;TARKHAN and ABD-EL-MALEK, 1950), but the existence of such cells does not seem to be constant and, even where they exist, the cells appear to be small in number (cf.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Studies of Afferent Fibers in the Hypoglossal Nerve in the Cat: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Observation on the Lingual Mucosa Following Transection of the Nerve, and a Degeneration Study with Silver Impregnation Methods

Mizuno

Akimoto

Mochizuki

et al. 1973

Arch. Histol. Jap., Arch. Histol. Jpn

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Summary. Following transection of the nerves innervating the tongue, changes in the lingual mucosa of the cat were observed using a scanning electron microscope. Transection of the lingual nerve induced ipsilaterally marked changes in the lingual mucosa; ulcerous changes occurred within 48hrs after transection of the nerve. In contrast, even 30 days after transection of the hypoglossal nerve, no changes in the lingual mucosa were noted in spite of marked atrophy of the tongue musculature ipsilateral to the lesion. Therefore, the hypoglossal afferents do not seem to be of primary importance for nociception and coordinate movements of the tongue.An attempt was also made to locate the sensory ganglion of the hypoglossal afferents and the distribution of these fibers in the brain stem by means of the silver impregnation methods. Following intracranial rhizotomy of the hypoglossal nerve, no convincing findings could be obtained indicating termination in the brain stem of fibers running through the hypoglossal roots. Since the afferent fibers in the hypoglossal nerve could reach the brain stem via the roots of the vagus nerve after coursing through the anastomoses between the hypoglossal and vagus nerves, the following experiments were performed. Following intracranial transection of the roots of the vagus nerve, two groups of degenerated fibers were found in the brain stem; fibers in the solitary tract and those in the trigeminal system. The former were distributed to the entire extent of the ipsilateral solitary nucleus, to the commissural nucleus, and to the contralateral solitary nucleus at the level of the commissura infima; the latter were found to terminate in the interpolar subnucleus of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and/or the juxtatrigeminal reticular formation. Following nodosectomy only the components in the solitary tract were degenerated. On the basis of the present and previous findings, it was inferred that at least the majority of the afferent fibers in the hypoglossal nerve reach the brain stem through the vagus roots, and that these fibers, belonging probably to the somatic system, have their ganglion cells in the jugular ganglion and terminate in the spinal trigeminal nucleus and/or the juxtatrigeminal reticular formation.Afferent fibers in the hypoglossal nerve have been the subject of many studies, particularly in connection with proprioceptive innervation of the tongue (cf. BLOM, 1960;HOSOKAWA, 1961;ADATIA and GEHRING, 1971). The existence of afferent fibers in the hypoglossal nerve of the cat appears to be currently established (GREEN and NEGISHI, 1963;SAUERLAND and MIZUNO, 1968;LINDQUIST and MARTENSSON , 1969;HANSON and WIDEN, 1970;NAKAMURA et al., 1970;ZAPATA and TORREALBA, 1971), but the nature of these fibers and the routes that they take into the central nervous system are still controversial.99

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The sensory innervation of the spinal accessory and tongue musculature in the rabbit

Cited by 27 publications

References 7 publications

Neck-tongue syndrome on sudden turning of the head.

Neck-tongue syndrome on sudden turning of the head.

Sensory pathways in the spinal accessory nerve

Experimental Studies of Afferent Fibers in the Hypoglossal Nerve in the Cat: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Observation on the Lingual Mucosa Following Transection of the Nerve, and a Degeneration Study with Silver Impregnation Methods

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