The sensitizing potential of di‐(meth) acrylates based on bisphenol A or epoxy resin in the guinea pig

Abstract

Most composite materials in dentistry used today, contain resins based on dimethacrylates. BIS-GMA [2,2-bis-(4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl)propane], the addition reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate or an epoxy resin and methacrylic acid, is used most extensively. More recently, dimethacrylates based on bisphenol A, with various chain lengths have appeared on the market as a substitute for or in addition to BIS-GMA. Such compounds are BIS-MA [2,2-bis-(4-(methacryloxy)phenyl)propane], BIS-EMA [2,2-bis-(4-(2-methacryloxyethoxy)phenyl)propane] and BIS-PMA [2,2-bis-(4-(3-methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl)propane]. Increasing interest in the radiaton cure of coatings and printing inks have focused attention on these substances and on epoxy diacrylates as radiation-curable resins. The sensitizing capacity of the different acrylates based on bisphenol A or epoxy resin have been investigated with the guinea pig maximization test. The pattern of simultaneous reactivity of the compounds was also studied. Epoxy diacrylate [2,2-bis-(4-(2-hydroxy-3-acryloxy-propoxy)phenyl)propane], BIS-EMA and BIS-MA are shown to be strong sensitizers, while the linear fraction of BIS-GMA and its isomers and BIS-PMA have none or a low sensitizing capacity. The impurities in the BIS-GMA and BIS-MA batches seem to have high allergenic potential. These results stress the importance of a pure substance when discussing allergenicity and cross reactions.

Bioavailability of Components of Resin-Based Materials Which Are Applied To Teeth

“…Clemmensen (1985) showed that HEMA, despite its propensity for causing hypersensitivity responses in humans, had little effect in guinea pigs at low concentrations (1%, in any of several vehicles); it was, however, a potent sensitizer in the same animals at higher concentrations (10% and 25%), with enhanced responses after treatment with cyclophosphamide, which suggested that HEMA may also stimulate suppressor cell function. Bjorkner et al (1984) demonstrated that a broad range of methacrylates, including HEMA, could induce allergic sensitization in guinea pigs. Katsuno etal.…”

The value and limitations of rechallenge in the guinea pig maximization test

“…An "up regulation" of the sensitization rate from challenge to rechallenge has also been reported (6,23,24). Table 3 shows an example of an "up regulation" of sensitization with epoxy diacrylate and neopentyl methacrylate in the GPMT from closed challenge day 21 to open challenge day 35 and 49 (25,26). The reason for the increased sensitization rate is unclear, but a booster effect caused by the challenge stimulus may enhance an already established immunological memory arising from the induction.…”

Acrylic Resins

“…These cases, along with the patch tests of other epoxy allergic patients at FIOH, indicated that exposure to DGEBA epoxy resin results in cross-reactivity to epoxy acrylates and vice versa (Kanerva and Zwanenburg 2000;Kanerva 2001). In a 1984 animal study, impurities in commercial products of bis-GMA had a high sensitizing capacity, for which the presence of epoxy resin was a probable explanation (Bjorkner et al 1984). In 1991, dental restorative materials were analyzed at FIOH, and small amounts (0.01-0.06%) of DGEBA epoxy resin were present in all of the seven dental restorative materials that contained bis-GMA (Aalto- Korte et al 2007b).…”

“…In the literature, 10-18% of the epoxy resin allergic cases had had an allergic reaction to bis-GMA (Lee et al 2002;Geier et al 2007;Aalto-Korte et al 2009). Bis-GMA per se has either low sensitizing capacity or none at all (Bjorkner et al 1984). The probable explanation for concomitant reactions is a cross-allergy between DGEBA epoxy resin and epoxy (meth)acrylates (bis-GMA and bis-GA) Lee et al 2002;Geier et al 2007;Aalto-Korte et al 2009).…”