The Sensitivity of the 2- to 4-Month-Old Human Infant Accommodation System

Wang, Jingyun; Candy, T. Rowan

doi:10.1167/iovs.09-4667

Cited by 12 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…Additional, previously unreported, vergence data from a study conducted by Wang and Candy (2010) are also shown in Figure 4. This experiment was performed in a largely similar way on 2- to 4-month-old infants.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Signal and noise vergence amplitudes for adults (top, red), 5- to 10-week-olds (middle, blue), and 12- to 20-week-olds from Wang and Candy (2010; bottom, green). Filled symbols represent the signal response at 0.1 Hz while the stimulus was moving.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A complete trial took approximately 1 min 45 s, and proceeded continuously after it started, regardless of the attention of the subject. No effort was made to randomize the order of the amplitudes as a previous study showed that the order of amplitudes presented had no effect on the infant accommodation response (Wang & Candy, 2010). Therefore, in an effort to attract the attention of the infant, the largest amplitude stimulus was presented first.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accommodation has been shown to drive vergence in infants as young as 8 weeks (Aslin & Jackson, 1979), although the immature spatial sensitivity of the accommodative system suggests that response accuracy could be limited (Banks, 1980; Green, Powers, & Banks, 1980; Haynes, White, & Held, 1965; Wang & Candy, 2010). Horwood and Riddell (2013) also showed that a small number of 1-month-olds made a vergence response to a Gabor target that suddenly appeared larger on the screen, a potential proximal cue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ultimate goal was to understand the stimulus amplitudes in depth that young infants can make a vergence response to. Stimuli moving in depth at different amplitudes (Wang & Candy, 2010) were presented in the first weeks after birth, before the classical onset of responses to disparity. This performance can then be interpreted in the context of the cues potentially driving the response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sensitivity of vergence responses of 5- to 10-week-old human infants

2016

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Infants have been shown to make vergence eye movements by 1 month of age to stimulation with prisms or targets moving in depth. However, little is currently understood about the threshold sensitivity of the maturing visual system to such stimulation. In this study, 5- to 10-week-old human infants and adults viewed a target moving in depth as a triangle wave of three amplitudes (1.0, 0.5, and 0.25 meter angles). Their horizontal eye position and the refractive state of both eyes were measured simultaneously. The vergence responses of the infants and adults varied at the same frequency as the stimulus at the three tested modulation amplitudes. For a typical infant of this age, the smallest amplitude is equivalent to an interocular change of approximately 2° of retinal disparity, from nearest to farthest points. The infants' accommodation responses only modulated reliably to the largest stimulus, while adults responded to all three amplitudes. Although the accommodative system appears relatively insensitive, the sensitivity of the vergence responses suggests that subtle cues are available to drive vergence in the second month after birth.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sensitivity of vergence responses of 5- to 10-week-old human infants

2016

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Screening for Hyperopia in Infants Using the PowerRefractor

Satiani¹,

Mutti

2011

Optometry and Vision Science

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Newborn and infant vision screening in primary care: A clinical review

Stocks,

Carson

2024

Specialist Pediatric Nursing

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PurposeNewborn and infant vision screening is an essential component of the health promotion visit, where the provider screens for ocular risk factors and abnormalities that may cause future impairment or vision loss. Providers may underestimate the importance of screening or find neonatal vision assessments difficult due to poor patient cooperation or time‐consuming exams, but the reversibility of vision impairment in infants makes early detection paramount to proper treatment. This article provides a clinical review of evidence‐based, practical guidance to providers who care for infants from birth through 6 months of age in the primary care setting.ConclusionsThe comprehensive eye exam in infants should include a thorough history and physical examination of eye structures, visual acuity, evaluation of extraocular movements and alignment, and assessment of the red reflex. Recommended exam maneuvers differ with age as visual acuity improves and development advances through infancy.Practice ImplicationsEarly detection of ocular pathology is critical to avoid permanent vision loss, serious morbidity, and even mortality. The seemingly complex vision screening exam can be completed with little to no cooperation from the patient when a competent pediatric healthcare provider prioritizes opportunistic exam maneuvers. The opportunistic exam allows providers to maximize efficiency while maintaining thorough technique during vision exams and screenings.

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The Sensitivity of the 2- to 4-Month-Old Human Infant Accommodation System

Abstract: In infants 2 to 4 months of age, the developing visual system compensates for small changes in defocus relative to the typical amounts of hyperopic refractive error found at that age.

Cited by 12 publications

References 40 publications

Sensitivity of vergence responses of 5- to 10-week-old human infants

Sensitivity of vergence responses of 5- to 10-week-old human infants

Screening for Hyperopia in Infants Using the PowerRefractor

Newborn and infant vision screening in primary care: A clinical review

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