The Sensitivity of Meningococci to Sulfadiazine1

Schoenbach, Emanuel B.; Phair, John J.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119194

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Resistance to sulfonamide among meningococci was observed during the epidemics of World War II [13] and later with sporadic outbreaks in the United States [14]. In northern Europe, increased mortality rates were associated with sulfonamide-resistant strains [15,16] and this pattern was observed with all major serogroups [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent emergence of serogroup C meningococcal disease in Greece

Kremastinou¹,

Tzanakaki²,

KANSOUZIDOU³

et al. 1999

FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology

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The number of cases of meningococcal disease reported to the Meningitis Reference Laboratory in Athens rose dramatically in 1996-1997. The aims were (1) to determine if the increase was due to introduction of new strains, (2) to assess the geographic and age distribution of the cases, (3) to compare antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the current isolates with strains from the early 1990s. In 1993-1994, 15/19 (74%) of the cases for which information on age was available were in children < or = 5 years; in 1995-1997, 80/179 (45%) of cases were in children < or = 5 years and 99 (55%) in the older age range (P < 0.02). From 593 cases in 1993 1997, 214 (36%) isolates were available for characterisation. Serogroup B was predominant in the early 1990s, but by 1997, serogroup C accounted for 46/72 (64%) of isolates and serogroup B for 25/72 (35%). Serogroup B was predominant in children < or = 5 years (44/78, 56%) but only 19/99 (18%) of older children and adults (P=0.0000005). Sulfonamide resistance decreased from 10/22 (45%) in 1993-1994 to 27/192 (14%) in 1995-1997 (P<0.01). Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis of 70 strains obtained during this period identified the epidemic ET-15 clone in 24 (34.3)%. The profiles of the Greek ET-15 isolates were identical to C:2a:P1.2(P1.5) strains responsible for the epidemic in the Czech Republic which began in 1993. This genotype was not found in Greek strains isolated prior to 1993. We conclude that the increase in meningococcal disease is due to introduction of the epidemic serogroup C:2a:P1.2(P1.5) strain responsible for disease in the Czech Republic and Canada.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent emergence of serogroup C meningococcal disease in Greece

Kremastinou¹,

Tzanakaki²,

KANSOUZIDOU³

et al. 1999

FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology

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“…The value of meningococcal prophylaxis in both reducing meningococcal carriage and preventing disease in military personnel was described in 1943 (202). The subsequent appearance of clinically significant sulfonamide resistance created a renewed interest in meningococcal vaccines (239,311).…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects for Vaccine Prevention of Meningococcal Infection

2006

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SUMMARY Neisseria meningitidis is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in the United States and worldwide. A serogroup A/C/W-135/Y polysaccharide meningococcal vaccine has been licensed in the United States since 1981 but has not been used universally outside of the military. On 14 January 2005, a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine that covers meningococcal serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y was licensed in the United States for 11- to 55-year-olds and is now recommended for the routine immunization of adolescents and other high-risk groups. This review covers the changing epidemiology of meningococcal disease in the United States, issues related to vaccine prevention, and recommendations on the use of the new vaccine.

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“…Treatment for meningococcal disease included serum therapy introduced in 1913 by Flexner (7) and sulfonamides introduced in 1937 (8). The emergence of resistance to sulfonamides (9) in the 1960s prompted the development of the first vaccines against meningococci (10). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neisseria meningitidis: Biology, Microbiology, and Epidemiology

Rouphael

Stephens

2011

Methods in Molecular Biology

317

294

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Neisseria meningitidis (the meningococcus) causes significant morbidity and mortality in children and young adults worldwide through epidemic or sporadic meningitis and/or septicemia. In this review, we describe the biology, microbiology, and epidemiology of this exclusive human pathogen. N. meningitidis is a fastidious, encapsulated, aerobic gram-negative diplococcus. Colonies are positive by the oxidase test and most strains utilize maltose. The phenotypic classification of meningococci, based on structural differences in capsular polysaccharide, lipooligosaccharide (LOS) and outer membrane proteins, is now complemented by genome sequence typing (ST). The epidemiological profile of N. meningitidis is variable in different populations and over time and virulence of the meningococcus is based on a transformable/plastic genome and expression of certain capsular polysaccharides (serogroups A, B, C, W-135, Y and X) and non-capsular antigens. N. meningitidis colonizes mucosal surfaces using a multifactorial process involving pili, twitching motility, LOS, opacity associated, and other surface proteins. Certain clonal groups have an increased capacity to gain access to the blood, evade innate immune responses, multiply, and cause systemic disease. Although new vaccines hold great promise, meningococcal infection continues to be reported in both developed and developing countries, where universal vaccine coverage is absent and antibiotic resistance increasingly more common.

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The Sensitivity of Meningococci to Sulfadiazine1

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Recent emergence of serogroup C meningococcal disease in Greece

Recent emergence of serogroup C meningococcal disease in Greece

Prospects for Vaccine Prevention of Meningococcal Infection

Neisseria meningitidis: Biology, Microbiology, and Epidemiology

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