The self-bodying action of the mixed emulsifier cetrimide/ cetostearyl alcohol

Barry, Brian W.; Saunders, G.M

doi:10.1016/0021-9797(70)90182-7

Cited by 52 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Although there have been many attempts to correlate the macroscopic rheological properties with the complex composition of the emulsion [36,37], there are only a few examples of efforts to correlate microscopic phenomena such as "skin feeling" during the application process of a thin film of skin creme with conventional "bulk" rheological parameters [26].…”

Section: Gap-dependent Microrheology Of Skin Crèmementioning

confidence: 99%

Gap-dependent microrheometry of complex liquids

Clasen

McKinley

2004

Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics

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We review recent developments in the field of microrheometry and describe a new flexure-based microrheometer (FMR) that can make measurements of the steady shear viscosity of transparent or optically-opaque complex fluids using 1-10 l samples. We document the complex microrheology that may arise in a typical consumer product such as a skin crème, when the microstructure of the multiphase material (in this case a oil-water emulsion containing microcrystalline wax particles) and the characteristic length scale of the flow device become comparable. The material is a highly filled emulsion and conventional cone-and-plate rheometry shows that the material exhibits an apparent yield stress. Analogous tests in the microrheometer show that a sequence of flow transitions occurs which lead to an apparent viscosity that is both gapand shear-stress-(or shear-rate)-dependent. The microrheological measurements are combined with a slip analysis and optical microscopy to formulate a 'phase diagram' identifying the critical stress and corresponding slip velocity for each flow transition as a function of the gap. In the case of the skin crème investigated in the present study, the flow behavior in small gaps below 100 m is dominated by the presence of micro-crystalline wax particles with mean diameters in the range of 50 m. The sudden decrease in the apparent viscosity, or equivalently the sudden increase in the slip velocity between two surfaces with decreasing gap and increasing applied stress, is of importance in end-user perceptions of textural quantities such as 'slipperiness' or 'lubricity' which are typically used to characterize creams and other complex consumer products. The ability to progressively vary the gap between the two shearing surfaces means that the flexure-based microrheometer developed in the present work may find future applications in helping to bridge the gap between the traditionally-distinct fields of bulk rheological characterization and tribological testing.

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Section: Gap-dependent Microrheology Of Skin Crèmementioning

confidence: 99%

Gap-dependent microrheometry of complex liquids

Clasen

McKinley

2004

Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics

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“…In the past, it was often assumed that the solid nature of the interfacial monomolecular film imparted solid properties to the bulk preparation. However, in a series of emulsions stabilised by fatty alcohols and various ionic and non-ionic surfactants, the mixed emulsifier concentration in each emulsion was considerably greater than that required to form the condensed, monomolecular film, although emulsion consistencies ranged from fluid to semisolid (Barry, 1968;Barry and Saunders, 1970a, 1971a, 1972a. Thus, interfacial film rheology was not the dominant factor determining consistency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Gel Networks in Controlling Consistency of O/W Emulsions Stabilised by Mixed Emulsifiers

Barry

Eccleston

1973

Journal of Texture Studies

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A coherent explanation is presented of the mechanisms by which mixed emulsifiers of the surfactant/fatty alcohol type both stabilise and control the consistencies of oil‐in‐water emulsions. Original and published data are used to develop a theory in which the semisolid and other flow properties of emulsions are related to the nature, strength and extent of viscoelastic networks present in the continuous phases. These networks form from the interaction of surfactant solution with fatty alcohol and have similar properties to ternary system gels formed when the mixed emulsifiers disperse in water, in the absence of an oil. The theory is discussed with particular reference to liquid paraffin‐in‐water emulsions prepared with the surfactants anionic sodium dodecyl sulphate, cationic alkyltrimethylammonium bromides or non‐ionic cetomacrogol and fatty alcohols cetyl and stearyl and their mixtures, especially cetostearyl. It may be used also to explain the properties of emulsions prepared with a variety of oils, surfactants and amphiphiles. The effects of variation in storage time, surfactant type (ionic or non‐ionic), temperature, mixed emulsifier concentration, and alcohol and surfactant chain lengths on the rheological and microscopical properties of ternary systems and emulsions support this theory. The importance of small strain experiments (creep and oscillatory) in providing a true measure of consistency is emphasized. Continuous shear experiments, although theoretically less satisfactory, provide useful additional information when correlated with the small strain data.

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“…When the temperature of creep testing varies, a pattern of behaviour similar to the continuous shear work develops. Similar minima occur in ternary systems of alkyltrimethylammonium bromides/cetostearyl alcohol/water (4) and in emulsions stabilised by anionic and cationic surfactants (4,41). 4.…”

Section: J(t) ~-Jo + ~ Jn(1 --E -T/vn) + Tmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Similar ternary systems are formed when the surfactant is a cationic material, such as eetrimide (4).…”

Section: Structure Of the Ternary System Surfactant/long Chain Alcohmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…They concluded that for a stable oil-in-water emulsion the interracial film must be electrically charged and stable in the condensed state. Cetyl and cetostearyl alcohols were used, and the surfactants were sodium dodecyl sulphate (anionic), cetrimide (cationic) and the alkyltrimethylammonium bromide homologues present in cetrimide (4). Thus, it is unlikely that interracial film rheology is of prime importance in determining the consistency of such emulsions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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