The selective esterification of tall oil

Defoamers

“…'Two-liter aidearm flasks filled with, gl&ee wool 2. Orifice flow meter (Ace Glass Co.) 3. Thermorcgulfttor (H-B Instrument Co.) 4.…”

Crude Tall-Oil: Uma significativa fonte em ácidos gordos e resínicos

“…• A esterificação selectiva dos ácidos gordos com diversos alcoóis, com posterior separação das fracções acídicas por extracção com solventes orgânicos imiscíveis, possuindo dife-rente polaridade [21,22].…”

Esterification and interesterification

“…Direct esterification of acid and alcohol Fatty acids, with monohydric alcohols, to make plasticizers, intermediates, esters for fractionation in analysis and research Fatty acids, with polyhydric alcohols with glycerol, to make monoglycerides with other polyols, to make emulsifiers, drying oils (4,5,6,15) and other products Mixtures of acids, with polyhydric alcohol oil modified alkyd resins (20) tall oil esters (21,22) Rosin acids, with polyhydric alcohols ester gum and other resins (16, 17) Fatty alcohols, with fatty acids or other acids Alcoholysis Triglycerides and monohydric alcohols methanol, to make methyl esters and glycerol ( 7 ) other alcohols Triglycerides and glycerol, to make monoglycerides, for use in edible products (18) monoglyeerides, as step in manufacture of alkyds (19) Triglycerides and other polyols Ester-ester interchange, reaction in single phase, without removal of a product during the reaction Exchange of radicals among triglyeerides of a natural fat improved shortening from lard (8,10,11,15) Exchange among triglycerides of fat mixtures Ester-ester interchange in two-phase system, with reaction influenced by precipitation or removal of a product ( "directed interesterification" ) Exchange of radicals among glycerides of a natural fat, with simultaneous crystaUization improved shortening from lard (14) 1, 2, 23 24 23 3 9, 37, 38 23 12, 13, 37, 38 The chemistry of these processes is basically the same, regardless of the kinds of acids and esters involved, with a few exceptions, and when they are applied to fatty materials, the usual considerations apply to the operation and control of the processes, provided that due allowance is made for the effects of mutual solubilities and relative reaction rates of the various reactants. They are reversible reactions which conform reasonably well with the law of mass action when carried out in homogeneous systems, and accordingly the rate and extent of reaction in any given case Call be influenced by the relative proportions of the reactants or by the withdrawal of a product from the sphere of action while the reaction is going on.…”

“…In practical esterifieation of natural fatty acids and fatty acid mixtures, differences in rate among the different individual acids are seldom noticed, bat the same is not true for mixtures of fatty acids with other types of acids. In the case of tall oil, for ex- ample, the rosin acids in the mixture esterify so much more slowly than the fatty acids that a considerable degree of selective esterification can be practiced (21). The practical esterification of higher fatty acids usnally is essentially very simple, especially when the alcohol involved is relatively nonvolatile, as is the case with glycerol, pentaerythritol, and other alcohols often used.…”

“…In the case of tall oil, for ex- ample, the rosin acids in the mixture esterify so much more slowly than the fatty acids that a considerable degree of selective esterification can be practiced (21). In the case of tall oil, for ex- ample, the rosin acids in the mixture esterify so much more slowly than the fatty acids that a considerable degree of selective esterification can be practiced (21).…”