The segmental distribution of the cutaneous nerves in the limbs of man

Keegan, J. Jay; Garrett, Frederic D.

doi:10.1002/ar.1091020403

Cited by 244 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Grossly the shape of the hyperalgesia was the shape of the forearm, the wider portion corresponding to the wider portion of the extremity. (The hyperalgesic zones corresponded in general with the segmental dermatomes de-scribed by Foerster [12,13], by Head [14], by Richter [15], and recently by Keegan [16]. )…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 65%

Experimental Evidence on the Nature of Cutaneous Hyperalgesia

Hardy¹,

Wolff²,

Goodell³

1950

J. Clin. Invest.

245

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 65%

Experimental Evidence on the Nature of Cutaneous Hyperalgesia

Hardy¹,

Wolff²,

Goodell³

1950

J. Clin. Invest.

245

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“…Component 1 appeared to represent the index and middle fingers, component 2 the ring and little fingers, and component 3 the thumb. Intriguingly, this grouping of fingers mirrors the organization of sensory afferents from the hand into three separate groups corresponding to sixth -eighth cervical dermatomes (20). This clustering of fingers, furthermore, is maintained both in the human (21) and monkey (22) somatosensory cortex.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 59%

An implicit body representation underlying human position sense

Longo

Haggard

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

312

378

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Knowing the body's location in external space is a fundamental perceptual task. Perceiving the location of body parts through proprioception requires that information about the angles of each joint (i.e., body posture) be combined with information about the size and shape of the body segments between joints. Although information about body posture is specified by on-line afferent signals, no sensory signals are directly informative about body size and shape. Thus, human position sense must refer to a stored body model of the body's metric properties, such as body part size and shape. The need for such a model has long been recognized; however, the properties of this model have never been systematically investigated. We developed a technique to isolate and measure this body model. Participants judged the location in external space of 10 landmarks on the hand. By analyzing the internal configuration of the locations of these points, we produced implicit maps of the mental representation of hand size and shape. We show that this part of the body model is massively distorted, in a reliable and characteristic fashion, featuring shortened fingers and broadened hands. Intriguingly, these distortions appear to retain several characteristics of primary somatosensory representations, such as the Penfield homunculus.body image | proprioception | postural schema | body representation P erceiving the body's location in external space is essential for interacting with our environment and for constructing a coherent sense of self. Proprioceptive signals from afferents in muscles, joints, and skin provide information about joint flexion or extension (1, 2), contributing to a representation of body posture, the postural schema (3). To perceive the absolute position of body parts in external space, however, this postural information must be combined with information about the size and shape of the body segments connecting the joints (4-8) (Fig. 1A). No sensory signal, however, directly informs the brain about the metric properties of body parts. Thus, localization of the body in external space requires that on-line afferent signals specifying joint angles be informed by a stored body model. Although several researchers have identified the need for such a body model (4,6,8), no attempt has been made to measure this model, and its properties are unknown. Here, we systematically investigate the body model mediating position sense of the human hand, showing that it is massively distorted, and appears to retain distortions characteristic of the somatosensory homunculus.The essential contribution of the body model to position sense is specifying the relative locations of body parts. The overall "localization error" for a single landmark (i.e., the distance between actual and judged locations) depends on several factors. In contrast, the distance between the judged locations of two adjacent landmarks (e.g., the tip and knuckle of a single finger) depends only on the represented length of the body segment connecting them. Other sources o...

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“…The conditioning test involving the dynamic task was repeated 5 times under the conditions described. The dermatome was mapped using Keegan and Garrett's map 25) , which was generated in a study that included a large number of patients. Figure 1 illustrates the dermatome map and the area of SCS.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin Cold Stimulation of the Dermatome Modulates Activation of the Quadriceps

et al. 2012

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Abstract. [Purpose] To examine electromyographic (EMG) activity change during dynamic contraction of the quadriceps with skin cold stimulation (SCS) over the vastus lateralis (VL) and L4 dermatome area on the medial side of the lower leg. [Subjects and Methods] Seventeen healthy male volunteers participated. Dynamic knee extension was performed at 15% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). SCS is a method used to cool the skin to 25 °C using a gel-cooling pad. The SCS method has no effect on the muscle below the cooled skin. Subjects performed dynamic knee extension under 4 randomly selected conditions: (1) SCS of skin over the VL (SCS VL ), (2)without SCS of skin over the VL (non-SCS VL ), (3) SCS of L4 dermatome area on the medial side of the lower leg (SCS L4 ), and (4) without SCS of L4 dermatome area on the medial side of the lower leg (non-SCS L4 ). Surface EMG from the rectus femoris (RF), VL, and vastus medialis (VM) were recorded using miniature electrodes.[Results] The root mean square of the EMG (rmsEMG) of the VL with SCS was significantly greater than activation without SCS, but was decreased by SCS L4 . However, the activity of RF and VM did not change in any condition.[Conclusion] Our results suggest that the influence of cutaneous input can demonstrably modulate muscle activation.

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The segmental distribution of the cutaneous nerves in the limbs of man

Cited by 244 publications

References 18 publications

Experimental Evidence on the Nature of Cutaneous Hyperalgesia

Experimental Evidence on the Nature of Cutaneous Hyperalgesia

An implicit body representation underlying human position sense

Skin Cold Stimulation of the Dermatome Modulates Activation of the Quadriceps

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