The sedimentary record of the 1960 tsunami in two coastal lakes on Isla de Chiloé, south central Chile

Kempf, Philipp; Moernaut, Jasper; Daele, Maarten Van; Vermassen, Flor; Vandoorne, Willem; Pino, Mario; Urrutia, Roberto; Schmidt, Sabine; Garrett, Ed; Batist, Marc De

doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.08.004

Cited by 29 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…During the last four centuries, the Chilean coast has recorded tens of destructive tsunamis triggered by interplate earthquakes generated as the Nazca Plate is being subducted below the South American Plate (Heck, 1947;Barrientos, 2007;Cereceda et al, 2011). Some studies have focused on the geological record of the most recent events that have occurred during the last 60 years along the Chilean coast (Cisternas et al, 2000;Horton et al, 2011;Morton et al, 2011;Bahlburg & Spiske, 2012;Atwater et al, 2013;Garret et al, 2013;Ely et al, 2014;Kempf et al, 2015;Ar anguiz et al, 2016;Araya Cornejo & Carvajal, 2016;Bahlburg et al, 2018). Studies focused on identifying, dating and describing these events in the geological record during the Late Holocene are very scarce in northern Chile, and they have been mainly carried out in central and south Chile (Cisternas et al, 2005(Cisternas et al, , 2017Dura et al, 2014Dura et al, , 2017Garrett et al, 2015;Nentwig et al, 2015;Hong et al, 2016;Kempf et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coastal boulder deposit as evidence of an ocean‐wide prehistoric tsunami originated on the Atacama Desert coast (northern Chile)

et al. 2019

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A Late Holocene cliff‐top deposit of large boulders well above the limits of modern storm waves is described from the southern coast of the Atacama Desert (northern Chile). The largest moved boulder weighs >40 t and field data point to a flood height >18·5 m above high tide level and an inland penetration greater than 284 m from the cliff edge. The minimum flow velocity needed for particle entrainment was estimated as 10·1 ms−1 and the most likely processes of sediment deposition for different boulders were deduced. The boulder distribution, sorting and orientation of imbricated debris, together with the significant wave height of extreme storms reported and the occurrence of interplate earthquakes in the study area indicate that the deposit records a single event, interpreted here as a tsunami wave train rather than exceptional storm waves. The boulder field was dated to between the 13th and the 16th Centuries ce and possibly correlates with the 1420 Oei orphan tsunami, that affected the eastern coast of Japan. A magnitude of 8·8 to 9·4 has been estimated for the earthquake, which may be one of the larger events of a super‐cycle of earthquakes in the southern Atacama Desert. These cycle‐ending earthquakes involve large rupture areas (lengths in excess of 600 km) and highly destructive ocean‐wide tsunamigenic events.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coastal boulder deposit as evidence of an ocean‐wide prehistoric tsunami originated on the Atacama Desert coast (northern Chile)

et al. 2019

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“…As described above, the common characteristics are that the deposits tend to be fining upward with single or multiple bedding, thinning and fining landward, see e.g. [2,4,5,8,18,21,26,28] and relatively poorly sorted [3,18,20,36]. From the literature reviewed here (Table 1 to 3) it is undeniable that those characteristics are observed in each environment.…”

Section: General Characteristics Of the Sedimentologymentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The occurrence of rip-up clasts and mud cap may also be considered to be the common characteristics, e.g. [7,9,11,20,21,24]. Specifically, the most visible characteristic that characterizes the tsunami deposits in the ridge/swale environment is the occurrence of parallel lamination that cannot be observed in another environment (e.g.…”

Section: General Characteristics Of the Sedimentologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Tsunami sediments and their grain size characteristics

Putra

2018

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Abstract. Characteristics of tsunami deposits are very complex as the deposition by tsunami is very complex processes. The grain size characteristics of tsunami deposits are simply generalized no matter the local condition in which the deposition took place. The general characteristics are fining upward and landward, poor sorting, and the grain size distribution is not unimodal. Here I review the grain size characteristics of tsunami deposit in various environments: swale, coastal marsh and lagoon/lake. Review results show that although there are similar characters in some environments and cases, but in detail the characteristics in each environment can be distinguished; therefore, the tsunami deposit in each environment has its own characteristic. The local geological and geomorphological condition of the environment may greatly affect the grain size characteristics.

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“…The geomorphological units are based on field observations and are extended using satellite imagery (Google Earth). (c) The lake bathymetry map is based on side scan sonar bottom tracks (Kempf et al, 2015).…”

Section: Figure 1 (A) Topographic and Bathymetric Overview Of South mentioning

confidence: 99%

Paleotsunami record of the past 4300 years in the complex coastal lake system of Lake Cucao, Chiloé Island, south central Chile

Kempf¹,

Moernaut²,

Daele³

et al. 2019

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In CE 1960, Lake Cucao on Chiloé Island in south central Chile was inundated by the tsunami of the Great Chilean Earthquake (Mw 9.5). The area of what is now the lake basin has been submerged since the end of the rapid postglacial sea-level rise and has recorded tsunami inundations in its sediment record since then. This study reconstructs the tsunami history of Lake Cucao. Reflection-seismic profiles and side scan sonar data of the lake reveal a tidal delta with a crosscutting channel, which controls the sedimentary environment in the coast-facing part of Lake Cucao. The convergent pattern of seismic reflections near this channel indicates that tidal currents were active in the lake at least episodically since the formation of a major unconformity with strong reflection amplitude, which records the onset of lacustrine sedimentation. A radiocarbon date at the base of one of the 21 collected sediment cores dates this reflector to ~3800 years BP. Little net vertical displacement (≤ 2 m) in combination with an outlet river channel that can act as a pathway for sediment transport appears to have maintained the sensitivity of Lake Cucao to record tsunami inundation. The sedimentary record contains 15 clastic layers which are interpreted as tsunami deposits. The confidence level on the tsunami interpretation depends on five site-specific criteria, which are: (i) high magnetic susceptibility of the sediment indicating high clastic content, (ii) cross core correlation indicating widespread deposition, (iii) acoustic reflector correlation to the sedimentary record (also indicating widespread deposition), (iv) presence of mud clasts, and (v) age correlation to known paleotsunamis in the area. In this way, eight clastic layers are interpreted as tsunami deposits with a high confidence level, five with a medium confidence level and two with a relatively low confidence level. This study adds a long paleotsunami record on a coastline where extreme tsunamis occur frequently and where long (>2000 years) paleotsunami records are still sparse.

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The sedimentary record of the 1960 tsunami in two coastal lakes on Isla de Chiloé, south central Chile

Cited by 29 publications

References 57 publications

Coastal boulder deposit as evidence of an ocean‐wide prehistoric tsunami originated on the Atacama Desert coast (northern Chile)

Coastal boulder deposit as evidence of an ocean‐wide prehistoric tsunami originated on the Atacama Desert coast (northern Chile)

Tsunami sediments and their grain size characteristics

Paleotsunami record of the past 4300 years in the complex coastal lake system of Lake Cucao, Chiloé Island, south central Chile

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