The secretion of salt and water by the eccrine sweat gland

Dobson, R. L.

doi:10.1001/archderm.105.3.366

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Cellular glycogen is also mobilized in the eccrine sweat gland during sweat secretion, but its absolute amount is too limited to sustain sweat secretion. Thus, the sweat gland depends almost exclusively on exogenous substrates, especially glucose, as its fuel sources [6,42]. Although the sweat gland is capable of utilizing lactate and pyruvate as energy sources, these intermediates are less efficient than glucose [6,9].…”

Section: Sweat Gland Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acute/ Chronic No effect on sweat mineral or vitamin concentrations [230,231,[248][249][250] Fluid intake Acute Water ingestion results in a reflex (oropharyngeal) transient increase in RSR, especially when in a hypohydrated state [360,361]; no effect on sweat Na, K, Cl, and lactate concentrations [361] Dehydration Acute Reduced WBSR and RSR attributed to hyperosmolality-induced increase in threshold for sweat onset and to a lesser extent by a hypovolemia-induced decrease in sweat sensitivity (see Figure 3) [42,[76][77][78]80,82]; equivocal effects on sweat [Na] and [Cl] [134,153,[190][191][192][193][194][195]; no effect on sweat [K] [190] Alcohol Acute No effect on sweating rate [331,332]; sweat ethanol concentration increases with ethanol ingestion and rises linearly with increases in blood alcohol concentration [334,335] Exercise Intensity Acute Increase in WBSR and RSR with increases in exercise intensity [104,362] as metabolic heat production is directly proportional to energy expenditure [201,203]; sweat [Na] and [Cl] increase with increases in exercise intensity because the relative rate of Na and Cl reabsorption is flow dependent [39,159], minimal or no effect on sweat [K] [159], inverse relation between sweating rate and sweat lactate [162] and ammonia concentrations [6,…”

Section: Modifiers Of Eccrine Sweatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health

2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The purpose of this comprehensive review is to: 1) review the physiology of sweat gland function and mechanisms determining the amount and composition of sweat excreted onto the skin surface; 2) provide an overview of the well-established thermoregulatory functions and adaptive responses of the sweat gland; and 3) discuss the state of evidence for potential non-thermoregulatory roles of sweat in the maintenance and/or perturbation of human health. The role of sweating to eliminate waste products and toxicants seems to be minor compared with other avenues of excretion via the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract; as eccrine glands do not adapt to increase excretion rates either via concentrating sweat or increasing overall sweating rate. Studies suggesting a larger role of sweat glands in clearing waste products or toxicants from the body may be an artifact of methodological issues rather than evidence for selective transport. Furthermore, unlike the renal system, it seems that sweat glands do not conserve water loss or concentrate sweat fluid through vasopressin-mediated water reabsorption. Individuals with high NaCl concentrations in sweat (e.g. cystic fibrosis) have an increased risk of NaCl imbalances during prolonged periods of heavy sweating; however, sweat-induced deficiencies appear to be of minimal risk for trace minerals and vitamins. Additional research is needed to elucidate the potential role of eccrine sweating in skin hydration and microbial defense. Finally, the utility of sweat composition as a biomarker for human physiology is currently limited; as more research is needed to determine potential relations between sweat and blood solute concentrations.

show abstract

Section: Sweat Gland Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Modifiers Of Eccrine Sweatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health

2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Most Na + and Cl − reabsorption occurs in the proximal segment of the eccrine duct, as these cells contain more mitochondria and Na + -K + -ATPase activity than that of the distal duct (Sato 1983). Sweat secretion and Na + reabsorption are active processes and the main avenue of energy production for sweat gland function is oxidative phosphorylation of plasma glucose (Dobson and Sato 1972;Elizondo 1973;Elizondo et al 1972;Sato 1977;Sato and Dobson 1973;Weiner and Van Heyningen 1952). Sweat gland metabolism and its byproducts can have an impact on final sweat composition, as discussed further in "Metabolites".…”

Section: Reabsorption Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition

2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The purpose of this paper is to review the physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition to assess the utility of sweat as a proxy for blood or as a potential biomarker of human health or nutritional/physiological status. Methods This narrative review includes the major sweat electrolytes (sodium, chloride, and potassium), other micronutrients (e.g., calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, vitamins), metabolites (e.g., glucose, lactate, ammonia, urea, bicarbonate, amino acids, ethanol), and other compounds (e.g., cytokines and cortisol). Results Ion membrane transport mechanisms for sodium and chloride are well established, but the mechanisms of secretion and/or reabsorption for most other sweat solutes are still equivocal. Correlations between sweat and blood have not been established for most constituents, with perhaps the exception of ethanol. With respect to sweat diagnostics, it is well accepted that elevated sweat sodium and chloride is a useful screening tool for cystic fibrosis. However, sweat electrolyte concentrations are not predictive of hydration status or sweating rate. Sweat metabolite concentrations are not a reliable biomarker for exercise intensity or other physiological stressors. To date, glucose, cytokine, and cortisol research is too limited to suggest that sweat is a useful surrogate for blood. Conclusion Final sweat composition is not only influenced by extracellular solute concentrations, but also mechanisms of secretion and/or reabsorption, sweat flow rate, byproducts of sweat gland metabolism, skin surface contamination, and sebum secretions, among other factors related to methodology. Future research that accounts for these confounding factors is needed to address the existing gaps in the literature.

show abstract

“…Sweat glands contain a secretory coil, where fluid accumulates by active salt transport followed by osmotically driven water transport (Dobson & Sato, 1972; Sato, 1977; Quinton, 1987). The primary fluid secreted into the lumen of the coil is expelled onto the skin surface after transit through a short, water‐impermeable duct where additional salt transport occurs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Localization of aquaporin‐5 in sweat glands and functional analysis using knockout mice

Song

Sonawane

Verkman

2002

The Journal of Physiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Sweat secretion involves the transport of salt and water into the lumen of the secretory coil of the sweat gland. By analogy to salivary and submucosal glands, where fluid secretion is aquaporin‐5 (AQP5) dependent, we postulated that aquaporin water channels might facilitate sweat secretion. Immunolocalization with specific antibodies revealed strong expression of AQP5 at the luminal membrane of secretory epithelial cells in sweat glands in mouse paw skin. Novel quantitative methods were developed to compare sweat secretion in wild‐type mice and mice lacking AQP5. Total hindpaw sweat secretion was measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance of sweat‐derived 1H2O in 2H2O solvent, and sweat secretion from individual glands was measured by real‐time video imaging of sweat droplet formation under oil. Sweat secretion rates after pilocarpine stimulation did not differ in wild‐type mice (0.21 ± 0.03 nl min−1 gland−1) vs. mice lacking AQP5 (0.19 ± 0.04 nl min−1 gland−1). The lack of effect of AQP5 on sweat secretion rate was confirmed by microcapillary collections of sweat from defined regions of mouse paws. Also, as by direct counting of droplets, the number of functional sweat glands was not affected by AQP5 deletion. Sweat gland morphology was similar in wild‐type and AQP5 null mice. From sweat coil geometry and gland secretion rate, the rate of fluid secretion was estimated to be 130 nl min−1 cm−2 of secretory epithelium, substantially lower than that of > 500 nl min−1 cm−2 in kidney proximal tubules and salivary glands, where active fluid absorption or secretion is aquaporin dependent. These results indicate the expression of AQP5 in sweat gland secretory epithelium, but provide direct evidence against its physiological involvement in sweat fluid secretion in mice.

show abstract

The secretion of salt and water by the eccrine sweat gland

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health

Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health

Physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition

Localization of aquaporin‐5 in sweat glands and functional analysis using knockout mice

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About