The Secotioid Syndrome

Thiers, H

doi:10.2307/3792830

Cited by 92 publications

(36 citation statements)

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“…Mycorrhizal fungi are symbionts that colonize the roots of plants and aid in the transfer of soil nutrients and water (Smith and Read 1997). Many mycorrhizal taxa have evolved from having an aboveground sporocarp (mushroom) to having a belowground sporocarp (truffle) to protect against drought or freezing (Thiers 1984, Trappe 1988. Although mushroom spores may be wind-borne, hypogeous (below ground) fungi are sequestrate-the spores are entirely encased within the fruiting bodyand require animals, especially mammals, to consume their fruiting bodies for spore dispersal (Johnson 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Signaling from below: rodents select for deeper fruiting truffles with stronger volatile emissions

Stephens

Trowbridge

Ouimette

et al. 2020

Ecology

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Many plant and fungal species use volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as chemical signals to convey information about the location or quality of their fruits or fruiting bodies to animal dispersers. Identifying the environmental factors and biotic interactions that shape fruit selection by animals is key to understanding the evolutionary processes that underpin chemical signaling. Using four Elaphomyces truffle species, we explored the role of fruiting depth, VOC emissions, and protein content in selection by five rodent species. We used stable isotope analysis of nitrogen (δ15N) in truffles to estimate fruiting depth, proton‐transfer‐reaction mass spectrometry to determine volatile emission composition, and nitrogen concentrations to calculate digestible protein of truffles. We coupled field surveys of truffle availability with truffle spore loads in rodent scat to determine selection by rodents. Despite presumably easier access to the shallow fruiting species, E. americanus (0.5‐cm depth) and E. verruculosus (2.5‐cm depth), most rodents selected for truffles fruiting deeper in the soil, E. macrosporus (4.1‐cm depth) and E. bartlettii (5.0‐cm depth). The deeper fruiting species had distinct VOC profiles and produced significantly higher quantities of odiferous compounds. Myodes gapperi (southern red‐backed vole), a fungal specialist, also selected for truffles with high levels of digestible protein, E. verruculosus and E. macrosporus. Our results highlight the importance of chemical signals in truffle selection by rodents and suggest that VOCs are under strong selective pressures relative to protein rewards. Strong chemical signals likely allow detection of truffles deep within the soil and reduce foraging effort by rodents. For rodents that depend on fungi as a major food source, protein content may also be important in selecting truffles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Signaling from below: rodents select for deeper fruiting truffles with stronger volatile emissions

Stephens

Trowbridge

Ouimette

et al. 2020

Ecology

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“…The Agaricomycetes is largely composed of fungi with a nongasteroid morphology, which is the plesiomorphic condition for the group, whereas gasteroid fungi are sparsely distributed in numerous derived lineages (Thiers 1984;Bruns et al 1989;Hibbett et al 1997). Gasteroid fruiting bodies are thought to have evolved as an adaptation to animal dispersal and arid climates (Savile 1955(Savile , 1968Thiers 1984;Bruns et al 1989). Approximately 8.4% of Agaricomycetes are gasteroid whereas the rest are nongasteroid (Hawksworth et al 1996).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gasteroid fungi also differ from nongasteroid fungi in that the hymenium has become enclosed and has evolved into a structure called the gleba, within which the spores mature. Reversals from gasteroid to nongasteroid forms are highly unlikely, because they would require reevolving a hymenium and the structures responsible for the complex mechanisms involved in ballistospory (Thiers 1984). The hypothesis of the irreversibility of gasteromycetation was tested by Hibbett (2004) in a phylogenetic context.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Gasteroid Fruiting Body Morphology on Diversification Rates in Three Independent Clades of Fungi Estimated Using Binary State Speciation and Extinction Analysis

2011

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Gasteroid fungi include puffballs, stinkhorns, and other forms that produce their spores inside the fruiting body. Gasteroid taxa comprise about 8.4% of the Agaricomycetes (mushroom-forming fungi) and have evolved numerous times from nongasteroid ancestors, such as gilled mushrooms, polypores, and coral fungi, which produce spores on the surface of the fruiting body. Nongasteroid Agaricomycetes have a complex mechanism of forcible spore discharge that is lost in gasteroid lineages, making reversals to nongasteroid forms very unlikely. Our objective was to determine whether gasteromycetation affects the rate of diversification of lineages "trapped" in the gasteroid state. We assembled four datasets (the Sclerodermatineae, Boletales, Phallomycetidae, and Lycoperdaceae), representing unique origins of gasteroid fungi from nongasteroid ancestors and generated phylogenies using BEAST. Using the program Diversitree, we analyzed these phylogenies to estimate character-state-specific rates of speciation and extinction, and rates of transitions between nongasteroid and gasteroid forms. Most optimal models suggest that the net diversification rate of gasteroid forms exceeds that of nongasteroid forms, and that gasteroid forms will eventually come to predominate over nongasteroid forms in the clades in which they have arisen. The low frequency of gasteroid forms in the Agaricomycetes as a whole may reflect the recent origins of many gasteroid lineages.

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“…There are four sequestrate (secotioid) species of section Minores that have been discovered 44–46 . In our analysis they are distributed in four clades (VIII, XII, XIII and XV) and in three different divergence times.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tropic origins, a dispersal model for saprotrophic mushrooms in Agaricus section Minores with descriptions of sixteen new species

Chen

Zhou

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Agaricus section Minores contains the richest species diversity within the genus. Its Phylogeny is firstly presented by a Maximum Likelihood tree generated through DNA sequences from four gene regions of 91 species. Furthermore, a molecular dating analysis is conducted used those sequences, and it provided the divergence times of the clades within section Minores. Study showed section Minores has a tropical origin. Four main dispersal routes are proposed: (1) species from South Asia migrated through the Tibetan Plateau and reached Europe ca. 9–13 Ma; (2) species from out of South Asia dispersed to Europe in the earlier time of ca. 22 Ma; (3) species from South Asia dispersed through North Asia to Alaska, and reached West America around ca. 9 Ma; and (4) species from South Asia dispersed south and reached Oceania by at least three invading events about ca. 9, 12 and 16–18 Ma respectively. Those routes excepting the second route coincide with those of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. To know whether the second route existed in the saprotrophic mushrooms requires further studies, and the fourth route may explain why the secotioid species occurring in Australia are morphologically similar but cluster in different phylogenetic clades. This study also demonstrates a great biodiversity of A. section Minores in China. Sixteen new species and three new records are introduced from China with morphological descriptions, illustrations, color photographs and phylogenetic analyses.

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The Secotioid Syndrome

Cited by 92 publications

References 0 publications

Signaling from below: rodents select for deeper fruiting truffles with stronger volatile emissions

Signaling from below: rodents select for deeper fruiting truffles with stronger volatile emissions

Effects of Gasteroid Fruiting Body Morphology on Diversification Rates in Three Independent Clades of Fungi Estimated Using Binary State Speciation and Extinction Analysis

Tropic origins, a dispersal model for saprotrophic mushrooms in Agaricus section Minores with descriptions of sixteen new species

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