The Second Wave of Incorporation in Latin America: A Conceptualization of the Quest for Inclusion Applied to Argentina

Abstract

Between 1996 and 2009, a process of struggle for and (after 2002) partial achievement of the second incorporation of the popular sectors took place in Argentina. This process involved a combination of routine and contentious political dynamics that reformulated state-society relations in the postcorporatist period. As a continuation of the first incorporation , the second incorporation displayed some similar features; other attributes were specific to this second process, mainly that it was not corporatist but territorial and that the central agents of transformation were not trade unions but the disincorporated popular sectors, which were territorially organized into a "reincorporation movement." This article conceptualizes these dynamics and analyzes the role played by the main political actor related to this historical process, the piquetero (picketer) movement.We want to return to factories. We said to the [national Labor] Ministry that we are socialists; that we question the private ownership of the means of production; that we struggle for a workers' state-but that we won't wait for the revolution to return to the job market. We want to be exploited by a capitalist again.

Institutional Strengthening in a Receding Movement: The Trajectory ofPiqueteroOrganizations between 2003 and 2015

“…Channels of communication remain open for organizations both opposed and allied to the national government, even during times of conflict (Quirós 2011;Battezzati 2012). As Rossi (2015) explains, this increasing official recognition is the result of a process through which piquetero groups and other grassroots organizations have sought inclusion in the political arena. Using disruptive protests, the unemployed worker's movement has demanded (and sometimes achieved) "the presence of the state as more than a merely repressive institution" in the lives of its members (Rossi 2015, 3).…”

“…The short-term political context benefited organizations that allied themselves with the government. Similarly to what happened in other countries of the region (Alvarez 2009;Rossi 2015), the Kirchner administrations, which came to power in 2003 with only 22.2 percent of the vote, sought to incorporate grassroots organizations to their coalition of support (Boyanovsky Bazán 2010; Perelmiter 2012). The need for the government to obtain the allegiance of these groups generated openings for piquetero organizations that had been mobilized for years in their communities.…”

Regímenes de política social en América Latina: una revisión crítica de la literatura

“…Entre los segundos, en los que el Estado asume un mayor protagonismo, se identifican dos subgrupos: el primero es el liberal moderado, donde la protección social tiene un carácter estatal, estratificado y liberal (comprende a Argentina, Brasil, Costa Rica y Uruguay). El segundo es el liberal radical, que La economía política de la expansión segmentada La expansión de la protección social es un fenómeno político relevante que algunos autores incluso han identificado como parte y señal de un proceso de "segunda incorporación" del sector popular (Garay, 2007;Rossi, 2015;Silva, 2017), con rasgos propios que lo diferencian del proceso de "incorporación inicial" que tuvo lugar durante la primera mitad del siglo xx (véase Collier & Collier, 1991).…”

Human Rights and the Pink Tide in Latin America: Which Rights Matter?

“…A rise in social expenditures occurred in 2004 across the region as a whole in response to a steep rise in GDP, but was particularly marked under New Left governments (Figure ). Public spending has been used to create new forms of social incorporation (Rossi, ) and to establish a ‘“floor” of social rights which cannot be left up to market forces’ (Martínez Franzoni and Sanchéz‐Ancochea, : 275), including greater pension coverage, access to health and social insurance. Even in Uruguay, where social coverage was already high for the region, access has been expanded and primary care strengthened.…”