The Second Wave of COVID-19 in South and Southeast Asia and the Effects of Vaccination

Abstract

Background: By February 2021, the overall impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in South and Southeast Asia was relatively mild. Surprisingly, in early April 2021, the second wave significantly impacted the population and garnered widespread international attention.Methods: This study focused on the nine countries with the highest cumulative deaths from the disease as of August 17, 2021. We look at COVID-19 transmission dynamics in South and Southeast Asia using the reported death data, which fits a mathematical model with a time-varying transmission rate.Results: We estimated the transmission rate, infection fatality rate (IFR), infection attack rate (IAR), and the effects of vaccination in the nine countries in South and Southeast Asia. Our study suggested that the IAR is still low in most countries, and increased vaccination is required to prevent future waves.Conclusion: Implementing non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) could have helped South and Southeast Asia keep COVID-19 under control in 2020, as demonstrated in our estimated low-transmission rate. We believe that the emergence of the new Delta variant, social unrest, and migrant workers could have triggered the second wave of COVID-19.

Multiple COVID-19 Waves and Vaccination Effectiveness in the United States

“…The US government has adopted approaches including NPIs and vaccination campaigns to mitigate and control the spread of the epidemic. To enable a clear analysis of the effectiveness of vaccination in the US, we combine the model of Song et al [ 31 , 32 ] and propose two different approaches to modeling.…”

“…The classic SEIR model has been used by Song et al [ 31 , 32 ] to study the impact of vaccination campaigns on COVID-19 epidemics in India and other countries in East Asia and Southeast Asia. In this article, we apply this model and evaluate the effects of vaccination in the US through two different approaches.…”

“…The time-varying is assumed to be an exponential cubic spline with the number of nodes . In our model, we follow the valuation of parameters by Song et al [ 31 , 32 ].…”

Global stability and optimal control for a COVID-19 model with vaccination and isolation delays

“…Using the reported deaths and mathematical model, Song et al. [17] , [18] predicted the COVID-19 spread in India as well as southeast Asian countries. Besides, patch model [19] and network model [20] are used to study the COVID-19 spread.…”

Association of coagulation factors profile with clinical outcome in patient with COVID-19 and acute stroke: A second wave cohort study

“…In Indonesia, the pandemic's second wave occurred between June and August 2021, with the delta variant suspected of being the primary cause, accounting for 2266 cases [6]. Systemic inflammation impacts have been observed to cause coagulation abnormalities in individuals with COVID-19 by systemic activation of the coagulation cascade.…”