The search for failed supernovae with the Large Binocular Telescope: a new candidate and the failed SN fraction with 11 yr of data

Neustadt, J. M. M.; Kochanek, C. S.; Stanek, K. Z.; Basinger, C. M.; Jayasinghe, T.; Garling, C. T.; Adams, S. M.; Gerke, J.

doi:10.48550/arxiv.2104.03318

Cited by 9 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…For RSG progenitors, the ejection of several M of the hydrogen envelope results in a ≈ few day shock breakout followed by a ≈ 300 − 400 day transient of ≈ 10 39 − 10 40 erg s −1 powered by hydrogen recombination in the expanding ejecta (Lovegrove & Woosley 2013;Piro 2013;Lovegrove et al 2017;Fernández et al 2018). The brightening and subsequent disappearance of a RSG progenitor in the FSN candidate event N6946-BH1 is broadly consistent with this model (Gerke et al 2015;Adams et al 2017;Basinger et al 2020;Neustadt et al 2021). The neutrino-mass-loss mechanism can also launch weak shocks in yellow supergiants (YSGs), BSGs, and WRs, but the ejected masses are much lower and some progenitors eject no unbound mass at all (Fernández et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Numerical Simulations of the Random Angular Momentum in Convection: Implications for Supergiant Collapse to Form Black Holes

Antoni,

Quataert

2021

Preprint

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During the core collapse of massive stars that do not undergo a canonical energetic explosion, some of the hydrogen envelope of a red supergiant (RSG) progenitor may infall onto the newborn black hole (BH). Within the Athena++ framework, we perform three-dimensional, hydrodynamical simulations of idealized models of supergiant convection and collapse in order to assess whether the infall of the convective envelope can give rise to rotationally-supported material, even if the star has zero angular momentum overall. Our dimensionless, polytropic models are applicable to the optically-thick hydrogen envelope of non-rotating RSGs and cover a factor of 20 in stellar radius. At all radii, the specific angular momentum due to random convective flows implies associated circularization radii of 10 -1500 times the innermost stable circular orbit of the BH. During collapse, the angular momentum vector of the convective flows is approximately conserved and is slowly varying on the timescale relevant to forming disks at small radii. Our results indicate that otherwise failed explosions of RSGs lead to the formation of rotationally-supported flows that are capable of driving outflows to large radii and powering observable transients. When the BH is able to accrete most of the hydrogen envelope, the final BH spin parameter is ∼ 0.5, even though the star is non-rotating. For fractional accretion of the envelope, the spin parameter is generally lower and never exceeds 0.8. We discuss the implications of our results for transients produced by RSG collapse to a black hole.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Numerical Simulations of the Random Angular Momentum in Convection: Implications for Supergiant Collapse to Form Black Holes

Antoni,

Quataert

2021

Preprint

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“…They could be discovered as vanishing stars after a short luminosity increase lasting for a few years. Such an event could be discovered during a survey for disappearing stars (Kochanek et al 2008;Adams et al 2017b,a;Neustadt et al 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Properties of Thorne-Zytkow object explosions

Moriya,

Blinnikov

2021

Preprint

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Thorne-Żytkow objects are stars that have a neutron star core with an extended hydrogen-rich envelope. Massive Thorne-Żytkow objects are proposed to explode when the nuclear reactions sustaining their structure are terminated by the exhaustion of the seed elements. In this paper, we investigate the observational properties of the possible Thorne-Żytkow object explosions. We find that Thorne-Żytkow object explosions are observed as long-duration transients lasting for several years. If the accretion disk triggering the explosions does not last for a long time, Thorne-Żytkow object explosions have a luminosity plateau with about 10 39 erg s −1 lasting for a few years, and then they suddenly become faint. They would be observed as vanished stars after a bright phase lasting for a few years. If the accretion disk is sustained for long time, the Thorne-Żytkow object explosions become as bright as supernovae. They would be observed as supernovae with rise times of several hundred days. We found that their photospheric velocities are 2000 km s −1 at most, much smaller than those found in supernovae. Supernovae with extremely long rise times such as HSC16aayt and SN 2008iy may be related to the explosions of Thorne-Żytkow objects.

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“…Our observations were originally obtained in the search for failed supernovae described in Kochanek et al (2008), with results presented in Adams et al (2017), Basinger et al (2020), andNeustadt et al (2021). This survey monitors 27 nearby, star-forming galaxies with the blue and red channels of the LBC (Ragazzoni et al 2006;Speziali et al 2008) on the LBT (Hill et al 2010).…”

Section: Observations and Data Reductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

A Search for Satellite Galaxies of Nearby Star-Forming Galaxies with Resolved Stars in LBT-SONG

Garling,

Peter,

Kochanek

et al. 2021

Preprint

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We present results from a resolved stellar population search for dwarf satellite galaxies of six nearby (D < 5 Mpc), sub-Milky-Way mass hosts using deep (m ∼ 27 mag) optical imaging from the Large Binocular Telescope. We perform image simulations to quantify our detection efficiency for dwarfs over a large range in luminosity and size, and develop a fast catalog-based emulator that includes a treatment of unresolved photometric blending. We discover no new dwarf satellites, but we recover two previously known dwarfs (DDO 113 and LV J1228+4358) with M V < −12 that lie in our survey volume. We preview a new theoretical framework to predict satellite luminosity functions using analytic probability distribution functions and apply it to our sample, finding that we predict one fewer classical dwarf and one more faint dwarf (M V ∼ −7.5) than we find in our observational sample (i.e., the observational sample is slightly top-heavy). However, the overall number of dwarfs in the observational sample ( 2) is in good agreement with the theoretical expectations. Interestingly, DDO 113 shows signs of environmental quenching and LV J1228+4358 is tidally disrupting, suggesting that low-mass hosts may affect their satellites more severely than previously believed.

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The search for failed supernovae with the Large Binocular Telescope: a new candidate and the failed SN fraction with 11 yr of data

Cited by 9 publications

References 54 publications

Numerical Simulations of the Random Angular Momentum in Convection: Implications for Supergiant Collapse to Form Black Holes

Numerical Simulations of the Random Angular Momentum in Convection: Implications for Supergiant Collapse to Form Black Holes

Properties of Thorne-Zytkow object explosions

A Search for Satellite Galaxies of Nearby Star-Forming Galaxies with Resolved Stars in LBT-SONG

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