The search for alternative aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) with a low environmental impact: Physiological and transcriptomic effects of two Forafac® fluorosurfactants in turbot

Hagenaars, An; Meyer, Ingo; Herzke, Dorte; Pardo, Belén G.; Martı́nez, Paulino; Pabon, Martial; Coen, Wim De; Knapen, Dries

doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.04.012

Cited by 61 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…A Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) was also established among the four compounds tested, and the effect was determined by the length of the fluorinated tail and not by the functional groups. This is contradicted by a study made by Hagenaars et al (2011a), comparing the potential effects of the four different PFCs; PFOS, PFBS, PFOA and PFBA on embryonic development in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The authors conclude that sulfonated and carboxylated PFCs act by different processes and that the exact mechanisms of the potential effects of PFOS, PFOA and PFBS on endothelial cells or vasoactive substances of the heart will need further investigation.…”

Section: Environmental Effects Of Per-and Polyfluorinated Substancescontrasting

confidence: 38%

“…The quantities of FTSs in the foam are low, but the foam is released directly into the environment (Hagenaars et al, 2011a;. Although most analysis for FTSs in soil samples are taken in close proximity to airports and airport fire training facilities (Hagenaars et al, 2011a;, reported for the first time detection of FTSs in in-house dust samples.…”

Section: Consumer Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Per- and polyfluorinated substances in the Nordic Countries

Posner

Roos

Poulsen

et al. 2013

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Section: Environmental Effects Of Per-and Polyfluorinated Substancescontrasting

confidence: 38%

Section: Consumer Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Per- and polyfluorinated substances in the Nordic Countries

Posner

Roos

Poulsen

et al. 2013

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“…Nowadays, a number of foam-based fire-fighting agents contain short-chain PFASs. The use of fire-fighting agents results in direct contaminations of the environment when there is no possibility of collecting the fire water and subsequent disposal [ 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids: environmental concerns and a regulatory strategy under REACH

et al. 2018

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BackgroundShort-chain PFASs (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are widely used as alternatives to long-chain PFASs. Long-chain PFASs become gradually regulated under REACH (EC No. 1907/2006) and other international regulations, due to having persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic properties and/or being toxic for reproduction. The increasingly used short-chain PFASs are assumed to have a lower bioaccumulation potential. Nonetheless, they have other properties of concern and are already widely distributed in the environment, also in remote regions. The REACH Regulation does not directly address these emerging properties of concern, complicating the implementation of regulatory measures. Therefore, this study illustrates these environmental concerns and provides a strategy for a regulation of short-chain PFASs within REACH.ResultsShort-chain PFASs have a high mobility in soil and water, and final degradation products are extremely persistent. This results in a fast distribution to water resources, and consequently, also to a contamination of drinking water resources. Once emitted, short-chain PFASs remain in the environment. A lack of appropriate water treatment technologies results in everlasting background concentrations in the environment, and thus, organisms are permanently and poorly reversibly exposed. Considering such permanent exposure, it is very difficult to estimate long-term adverse effects in organisms. Short-chain PFASs enrich in edible parts of plants and the accumulation in food chains is unknown. Regarding these concerns and uncertainties, especially with respect to the precautionary principle, short-chain PFASs are of equivalent concern to PBT substances. Therefore, they should be identified as substances of very high concern (SVHC) under REACH. The SVHC identification should be followed by a restriction under REACH, which is the most efficient way to minimize the environmental and human exposure of short-chain PFASs in the European Union.ConclusionDue to an increasing use of short-chain PFASs, an effective regulation is urgently needed. The concerns of short-chain PFASs do not match the “classical” concerns as defined under REACH, but are not of minor concern. Therefore, it is of advantage to clearly define the concerns of short-chain PFASs. This might facilitate the following restriction process under REACH.

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“…The chemical structure in Fig. 2 is derived from earlier patents (Hoffman & Stach, 1973;Mulligan, 1984), published mass spec (Moe et al, 2012;Place & Field, 2012) and NMR (Moe et al, 2012) characterization, and from publications by DuPont authors with structural information (Carruette, Persson, & Pabon, 2004;Hagenaars et al, 2011;Pabon & Copart, 2002). While complete composition and structural information is proprietary to the Chemours/ DuPont product, an amount of information sufficient to interpret data and reproduce experiment is needed.…”

Section: Chemical Characterization Of Ref-afff Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Analytically Defined Fire‐Suppressing Foam Formulation for Evaluation of Fluorosurfactant Replacement

Hinnant

Giles

Snow

et al. 2018

J Surfact & Detergents

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A 4‐component, analytically defined, reference fluorosurfactant formulation (Ref‐aqueous film forming foam [AFFF]) composed of 0.3% fluorocarbon‐surfactant concentrate (Capstone 1157), 0.2% hydrocarbon‐surfactant concentrate (Glucopon 215 UP), and 0.5% diethylene glycol mono butyl ether by volume in distilled water was found to have rapid fire extinction comparable to a commercial AFFF in tests conducted on a bench scale and a large scale (28 ft2, part of US Military Specification, MIL‐F‐24385F). The Ref‐AFFF was analytically characterized to provide the identity and quantity of the chemical structures of the surfactant molecules that were lacking for commercial AFFF formulations. To arrive at an acceptable Ref‐AFFF formulation, 3 candidate formulations containing different hydrocarbon surfactants in varying amounts were evaluated and ranked relative to a commercial AFFF using a bench‐scale fire‐extinction apparatus; varying the hydrocarbon surfactant was found to affect the fire‐extinction time. The ranking was confirmed by the large‐scale tests suggesting that the bench‐scale apparatus is a reasonable research tool for identifying surfactants likely to succeed in the large‐scale test. In the future, replacing the fluorocarbon surfactant with an alternative surfactant in the Ref‐AFFF enables a direct comparison of fire extinction and environmental impact to identify an acceptable fluorine‐free formulation.

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The search for alternative aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) with a low environmental impact: Physiological and transcriptomic effects of two Forafac® fluorosurfactants in turbot

Cited by 61 publications

References 37 publications

Per- and polyfluorinated substances in the Nordic Countries

Per- and polyfluorinated substances in the Nordic Countries

Short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids: environmental concerns and a regulatory strategy under REACH

An Analytically Defined Fire‐Suppressing Foam Formulation for Evaluation of Fluorosurfactant Replacement

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