The GW5‐WRKY53‐SGW5 module regulates grain size variation in rice

Abstract

Summary Grain size is a crucial agronomic trait that affects stable yield, appearance, milling quality, and domestication in rice. However, the molecular and genetic relationships among QTL genes (QTGs) underlying natural variation for grain size remain elusive. Here, we identified a novel QTG SGW5 (suppressor of gw5) by map‐based cloning using an F2 segregation population by fixing same genotype of the master QTG GW5. SGW5 positively regulates grain width by influencing cell division and cell size in spikelet hulls. Two nearly isogenic lines exhibited a significant differential expression of SGW5 and a 12.2% increase in grain yield. Introducing the higher expression allele into the genetic background containing the lower expression allele resulted in increased grain width, while its knockout resulted in shorter grain hulls and dwarf plants. Moreover, a cis‐element variation in the SGW5 promoter influenced its differential binding affinity for the WRKY53 transcription factor, causing the differential SGW5 expression, which ultimately leads to grain size variation. GW5 physically and genetically interacts with WRKY53 to suppress the expression of SGW5. These findings elucidated a new pathway for grain size regulation by the GW5‐WRKY53‐SGW5 module and provided a novel case for generally uncovering QTG interactions underlying the genetic diversity of an important trait in crops.

When Size Matters: New Insights on How Seed Size Can Contribute to Plant Developmental Success

“…GW5 is used as a marker for distinguishing japonica and indica subspecies, as deletions in the promoter of GW5 are typical of the japonica seeds with a roundish phenotype [141][142][143]. At the molecular level, GW5 encodes for a calmodulin-containing protein localized at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus [144,145] and many pieces of evidence suggest that GW5 controls seed shape regulating the BR pathway. Besides overall plant growth, BR are also involved in the control of seed size regulating cell elongation, division and differentiation [146].…”

“…The GSK2-mediated phosphorylation of BZR1 and DLT determines their degradation and hence restrains BR-mediated gene expression. Moreover, GW5 interacts with the transcription factor WRKY53 [147] to control the expression of the SGW5 gene, a novel QTL linked with grain width [145]. Given that WRKY53 is a transcription factor involved in BR signaling to regulate seed size in rice [147], this could suggest that GW5 participates in the BR-mediated gene expression regulating different factors.…”