The Science of Wisdom in a Polarized World: Knowns and Unknowns

Evidence-Based Training of Wisdom in Business and Management: Use of Scientific Insights About Malleability of Practical Wisdom for Rigorous Interventions

“…Despite the endorsement of some aspects of essentialism in wisdom, some scientists also suggest that practical wisdom may fluctuate across domains (Schwartz and Sharpe 2006) or over the lifespan (e.g., Baltes and Smith 2008). For instance, in the most recent authoritative review of what empirical scientists mean by wisdom, it became evident that most scientist studying the construct believe wisdom can be developed (Grossmann et al 2020c). Moreover, the idea of wisdom is a "process" is frequently invoked in various wisdom theories in psychology (Bangen et al 2013;Glück and Bluck 2013;Grossmann 2017b;Staudinger and Glück 2011).…”

“…For the sake of consistency in content, the evidence reviewed below will focus on these features of practical wisdom, or wise reasoning (Grossmann 2017b;. As recently established in the common position framework across the majority of empirically working wisdom scientists, such features of reasoning or meta-cognition as at the core of the vast majority of contemporary empirical wisdom models (Grossmann et al 2020c). Such features of morally grounded reasoning also converge with the lay perspectives on the core aspects of sound judgment in the context of economic and everyday social transactions (Grossmann et al 2020b).…”

“…Despite great interest in the topic of practical wisdom and how to cultivate it (Ferrari and Potworowski 2008), laypeople and scientists alike vary in their beliefs about the malleability of wisdom (but see Grossmann et al 2020c, for a common wisdom position across the majority of contemporary empirical wisdom scientists). Some of these beliefs stand in contrast to the robust experimental evidence suggesting a sizable degree of malleability in the construct.…”

How to make Artificial Wisdom possible

“…This notion of values either as motivation or goals is interesting because the idea of human wisdom being grounded in values is important (Tiberius, 2008). This idea that values should shape the use of knowledge appears to be common to both the psychological science (Grossmann et al, 2020) and computer science notions of wisdom. In fact, as with psychological science and philosophy, Jeste et al have identified several moral virtues as guiding values which they call principles for the development of AW.…”

“…By contrast, Jeste et al identify moral virtues as important guiding principles for AI, suggesting that these are necessary preconditions for wisdom. These moral virtues are common across a number of theories of wisdom in humans (e.g., Grossmann et al, 2020): (1) the importance of reflection and perspective taking, (2) empathy and compassion, and (3) emotional understanding and emotional selfregulation. As guiding principles for the development of AW, as opposed to virtues managed by wisdom, Jeste et al are asserting these as foundational abilities necessary for the manifestation of wisdom.…”