The science of colour

Edwards, S. J.

doi:10.1088/0031-9120/10/4/010

Cited by 4 publications

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References 6 publications

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“…Yet their own eyes provide a remarkable tool for studying both principle and application. I have made no mention of the photochemical processes occurring in the visual pigments of the cones, the science of colour (Edwards 1975) or binocular vision, for that would take us too far away from the main theme of the article, but of course these topics are also highly relevant to the study of vertebrate vision.…”

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Visual acuity and the eye

Beynon¹

1985

Phys. Educ.

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Sighted individuals take the eye and its processes very much for granted. Within this set of individuals there are many physics students who have little awareness of the optics of the eye. They are usually able to describe its basic structure and resemblance to a camera, and name some of its defects, but they seem to be unaware of the role of the various elements of the eye in the perception of spatial detail, i.e. visual acuity. To give a greater appreciation of human vision the author makes a comparison with other vertebrates and insects. Inevitably, in an article of this kind the picture must be incomplete, but the objective is to whet the appetite of the serious student and encourage him/her to research the subject more clearly.

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Visual acuity and the eye

Beynon¹

1985

Phys. Educ.

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Real-time colour recognition in symbolic programming for machine vision systems

Batchelor

Whelan

1995

Machine Vision and Applications

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Abstract:It is impossible to collect more than a tiny proportion of all of the possible examples of a given hue, to form a training set for a machine that learns to discriminate colours. In view of this, it is argued that colour generalisation is essential. Three mechanisms for learning colours as defined by a human being are described. One of these is based upon an idea developed by AP Plummer and is implemented in a commercial device known as the Intelligent Camera. This implementation can learn the characteristics of coloured scenes presented to it, and can segment a video image in real-time. This paper presents four procedures which allow the range of colours learned by such a system to be broadened, so that recognition is made more reliable and less prone to generating noisy images, which are difficult to analyse. Three of the procedures can be used to improve colour discrimination, while a fourth procedure is used when a single and general colour concept has to be learned. Several experiments were devised to demonstrate the effectiveness of colour generalisation. These have shown that it is indeed possible to achieve reliable colour discrimination / recognition for such tasks as inspecting packaging and fruit. A practical system based upon the Intelligent Camera and controlled by software written in Prolog has been developed by the authors and is 2 being used in a study of methods for declarative programming of machine vision systems for industrial applications.Key words: Machine Vision, Systems Engineering, Teaching by showing, Realtime colour recognition, Prolog. Introduction Colour Recognition in a Symbolic Programming EnvironmentConsider the task of designing a machine to inspect printed cardboard and plastic cartons, such as those used for food products, household goods, toiletries, etc. These are often printed in several colours. For example, the container of a certain brand of margarine has a wavy yellow streak across its top, in addition to the product name, which is printed in red. Other features on the top are printed in blue (large blob-like regions) and black (small lettering). (See Figure 1.) Inspecting such a container could be achieved by first isolating the different colours and then applying conventional (i.e. To illustrate how colour recognition may be used in symbolic programming of a vision system, we shall explain how we can identify bananas, which is a rather simpler task than inspecting margarine tubs, which we shall discuss in detail later.The following is a description of a banana, expressed in formalised English.X is a banana if X is yellow and the length of X is U and % U is the length in mm 60 ≤ U ≤ 800 and the width of X is V and % V is the width in mm 10 ≤ V ≤ 50.This recognition rule for bananas 1 can be translated into Prolog in the following way.(Prolog has been used for several years as a medium for programming vision systems. (Batchelor 1991;Batchelor and Whelan 1993; and will be discussed again in this article.) object(X, banana) :-colour(X,yellow), length(X,U), 60 ≤ U, ...

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Applications of colour science

Edwards

1977

Contemporary Physics

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The science of colour

Cited by 4 publications

References 6 publications

Visual acuity and the eye

Visual acuity and the eye

Real-time colour recognition in symbolic programming for machine vision systems

Applications of colour science

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