The Scattering Outcomes of Kepler Circumbinary Planets: Planet Mass Ratio

Gong, Yan-Xiang; Ji, Jianghui

doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa8c7c

Cited by 40 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…A clear result of our multi-planet circumbinary system dynamical stability simulations is that at least one planet is ejected from the system with this result occurring in 87% -95% of simulations, a value broadly consistent with the results of previous studies of planet-planet scattering in circumbinary systems (e.g. Sutherland & Fabrycky 2016;Smullen et al 2016;Gong & Ji 2017;Gong 2017).…”

Section: Multiplanet Circumbinary Systemsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Several previous studies have examined the impact of binary-planet and/or planetplanet scattering in circumbinary systems (e.g. Kratter & Shannon 2014;Smullen et al 2016;Sutherland & Fabrycky 2016;Gong & Ji 2017;Gong 2017).…”

Section: N-body Simulations Of Circumbinary Planetarymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both planet masses are randomly sampled from the same normal distributions with mean m p and standard deviation 0.1m p , where m p is equal to the mass of Neptune, Saturn, or Jupiter depending on the simulation suite. We chose to sample both planet masses from the same distribution for a given simulation to keep the planet mass ratio m b /m c ∼1, which simplifies our results because varying CBP mass ratios can strongly impact the scattering process in such systems (Gong & Ji 2017).…”

Section: N-body Simulations Initial Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the Lack of Circumbinary Planets Orbiting Isolated Binary Stars

Fleming

Barnes

Graham

et al. 2018

ApJ

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We outline a mechanism that explains the observed lack of circumbinary planets (CBPs) via coupled stellar-tidal evolution of isolated binary stars. Tidal forces between low-mass, short-period binary stars on the pre-main sequence slow the stellar rotations, transferring rotational angular momentum to the orbit as the stars approach the tidally locked state. This transfer increases the binary orbital period, expanding the region of dynamical instability around the binary, and destabilizing CBPs that tend to preferentially orbit just beyond the initial dynamical stability limit. After the stars tidally lock, we find that angular momentum loss due to magnetic braking can significantly shrink the binary orbit, and hence the region of dynamical stability, over time impacting where surviving CBPs are observed relative to the boundary. We perform simulations over a wide range of parameter space and find that the expansion of the instability region occurs for most plausible initial conditions and that in some cases, the stability semi-major axis doubles from its initial value. We examine the dynamical and observable consequences of a CBP falling within the dynamical instability limit by running N-body simulations of circumbinary planetary systems and find that typically, at least one planet is ejected from the system. We apply our theory to the shortest period Kepler binary that possesses a CBP, Kepler-47, and find that its existence is consistent with our model. Under conservative assumptions, we find that coupled stellar-tidal evolution of pre-main sequence binary stars removes at least one close-in CBP in 87% of multi-planet circumbinary systems.

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Section: Multiplanet Circumbinary Systemsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: N-body Simulations Of Circumbinary Planetarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: N-body Simulations Initial Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the Lack of Circumbinary Planets Orbiting Isolated Binary Stars

Fleming

Barnes

Graham

et al. 2018

ApJ

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“…The SMA of CBP found by Kepler is distributed between 1.1 ac and 7.4 ac. Actually, most of them cluster at the vicinity of the unstable boundary of the binary (∼ 1.1 ac) (Gong & Ji 2017). It is generally believed that CBP formed in the outer region of the CBD and then migrated to their current location (Thun & Kley 2018).…”

Section: Model and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Birth environment of circumbinary planets: are there circumbinary planets on inclined orbits?

Gong

Wang

et al. 2020

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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The inclination distribution of circumbinary planets (CBPs) is an important scientific issue. It is of great significance in estimating the occurrence rate of CBPs and studying their formation and evolution. Although the CBPs currently discovered by the transit method are nearly coplanar, the true inclination distribution of CBPs is still unknown. Previous researches on CBPs mostly regarded them as an isolated binary-planet system, without considering the birth environment of their host binaries. It is generally believed that almost all stars are born in clusters. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the impact of the close encounters of stars on the CBP systems. This article discusses how the close encounters of fly-by stars affect the inclination of CBP. Based on extensive numerical simulations, we found that CBPs in close binary with a spacing of ∼ 0.2 au are almost unaffected by star fly-bys. Their orbits remain coplanar. However, when the spacing of the binary stars is greater than 1 au, the 2-3 fly-bys of the intruding star can excite a considerable inclination even for the CBP near the unstable boundary of the binary. For the planets in the outer region, a single star fly-by can excite an inclination to more than 5 degrees. Especially, CBPs in near polar or retrograde orbits can naturally form through bianry-star encounters. If close binaries are born in open clusters, our simulations suggest that there may be high-inclination CBPs in binaries with spacing > 1 au.

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“…Along with the dissipation of gas disk, the eccentricities of planets can be further stirred up, subsequently the planet-planet scattering will ensue. Gong & Ji (2017) showed that the currently discovered circumbinary planets are more likely to be products of the scattering of multiplanetary systems. Smullen, Kratter & Shannon (2016) explored the scattering of multiple circumbinary planets and found that the planet-planet scattering in proximity to binaries leads to more ejections of planets than planet-planet or planet-star collisions in comparison with planet-planet scattering in single star systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of S-type planets in close binaries: scattering-induced tidal capture of circumbinary planets

Gong

2018

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Although several S-type and P-type planets in binary systems were discovered in past years, S-type planets have not yet been found in close binaries with an orbital separation not more than 5 au. Recent studies suggest that S-type planets in close binaries may be detected through high-accuracy observations. However, nowadays planet formation theories imply that it is difficult for S-type planets in close binaries systems to form in situ. In this work, we extensively perform numerical simulations to explore scenarios of planet-planet scattering among circumbinary planets and subsequent tidal capture in various binary configurations, to examine whether the mechanism can play a part in producing such kind of planets. Our results show that this mechanism is robust. The maximum capture probability is ∼ 10%, which can be comparable to the tidal capture probability of hot Jupiters in single star systems. The capture probability is related to binary configurations, where a smaller eccentricity or a low mass ratio of the binary will lead to a larger probability of capture, and vice versa. Furthermore, we find that S-type planets with retrograde orbits can be naturally produced via capture process. These planets on retrograde orbits can help us distinguish in situ formation and post-capture origin for S-type planet in close binaries systems. The forthcoming missions (PLATO) will provide the opportunity and feasibility to detect such planets. Our work provides several suggestions for selecting target binaries in search for S-type planets in the near future.

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The Scattering Outcomes of Kepler Circumbinary Planets: Planet Mass Ratio

Cited by 40 publications

References 51 publications

On the Lack of Circumbinary Planets Orbiting Isolated Binary Stars

On the Lack of Circumbinary Planets Orbiting Isolated Binary Stars

Birth environment of circumbinary planets: are there circumbinary planets on inclined orbits?

Formation of S-type planets in close binaries: scattering-induced tidal capture of circumbinary planets

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